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108 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What was the Reconstruction?
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the time period between 1865- 1877 when the federal government tried to repair the damage to the South and restore the southern states to the Union.
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What were Carpetbaggers?
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northern republicans who moved to the postwar south to profit from southern misery
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What were Black codes?
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laws that limited the freedoms of the newly freed blacks.
Ex. Curfews, vagrancy laws (idleness), labor contracts (forcing blacks to work or stay on an assignment for a set amount of time), land restrictions (forced blacks to live on plantations). Impeach: to charge one of wrongdoing in the office (of president) |
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What is Pardon? (in relation to the Reconstruction)
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an official forgiveness of a crime (extended to southern states who swore allegiance to the Union, and ban slavery)
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What is Sharecropping?
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a poor family (white or black) would work on a portion of planters’ land. As payment, the family got to keep 1/3 – ½ of their crops. A lot of planters tried to rip them off by selling them faulty equipment and pricy housing.
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what is Tenant farming?
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similar to sharecropping, but these farmers rented the land.
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what is Infrastructure?
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the public property and services that a society uses, like roads, bridges, canals, railroads, and telegraph lines
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How did Lincoln hope to carry out Reconstruction?
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Granting pardon to southern states who swore allegiance to the Union and agreed to follow federal policy on slaves. Denied pardon to confederate military and government officials who killed black war prisoners. Let each state hold a convention to write a new constitution where only 10% had to swear allegiance, and the entire state was pardoned.
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How did Johnson carry out Reconstruction after Lincoln’s assassination?
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Pardoned southerners who swore allegiance to union. Permitted each state to have constitutional conventions (minus the 10% plan). States were required to void secession, abolish slavery, and repudiate confederate debt. States could hold elections and rejoin the union.
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Why were the Radical Republicans so upset with the course of Reconstruction?
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Radical republicans, who thought that slavery was the main point of the civil war, also thought that more of the Reconstruction should have worked towards the equality of blacks.
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How did Congress influence Reconstruction and Johnson’s administration?
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Congress decided they hated Johnson so they impeached him and revoked all his power as president
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What did African Americans experience at the start of Reconstruction?
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Blacks ran into black codes, which limited their freedoms at first. Then later they were given more rights, like the right to vote and be equal-er to white men.
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How were black codes and the 14th amendment related?
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The black codes limited blacks’ freedoms, while the 14th amendment canceled the black codes by creating equality for all, including blacks.
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What changes were made among the Southern electoral and political representation?
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Blacks made it into the senate, and the legislature, and even as a governor of Louisiana.
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Why were three specific groups of people ostracized by Southern economy?
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Blacks, poor whites, plantation owners.
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Who benefited from sharecropping and how did it create a cycle of debt?
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Planters benefited. It just created an unpayable debt that would get a little better with the crops grown, but then bad stuff would keep happening to the sharecropper where they would need more money and have to work that off too. Sucks.
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How did changes in farming effect the Southern economy?
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Cash crops. They made a lot more money for southerners, but then they didn’t have much food, so they’d have to import it.
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What factors led to the creation of the KKK?
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Rage and fear over the Confederacy’s defeat, and the newly freed black southerners
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How did the Compromise of 1877 end the period of Reconstruction?
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It said that Hayes could be president if he revoked reconstruction plans.
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Patents:
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licenses that give an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a set period of time. Meant that more people were using their brains.
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Bessemer process:
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an easier and cheaper way of removing impurities from steal, making it stronger, lighter, and more flexible (than iron)
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John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie:
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both were very rich men who used their wealth to better their communities. Rockefeller was a huge oil tycoon, while Carnegie got rich off of steel. Rockefeller gave 500 million dollars over the span of his life to establish or improve charities and institutions that helped humanity. Carnegie believed in his gospel of wealth that said that men should be left alone to make as much money as they want, but they must then give that money back to help society. He then gave about 80% of his wealth to his community.
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Social Darwinism:
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the idea based off of Darwinism, that government should just leave people alone, and those best fit would get wealthy. The government neither taxed business’ nor regulated their relations with workers.
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oligopoly:
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a market that is owned by a few big names
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cartel:
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a loose association of businesses that make the same product. They all agree to limit the supply of their product to keep prices high.
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vertical consolidation:
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gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development
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horizontal consolidation:
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bringing together many firms in the same business.
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Sherman Antitrust Act:
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an act passed by congress that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce. It didn’t really work, because the wording was vague, so the individual courts had to interpret them for themselves, and since a lot of the judges were big business owners anyway, the act wasn’t really followed.
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characteristics of factory workers and conditions of labor:
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factory workers were men, women, children, and immigrants who were looking for higher wages than they would get working on a farm. The conditions were poor, poor lighting and ventilation, careless, random fires, strict work hours, you could fired for random reasons.
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the rise of socialism:
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aka communism. The idea of equal distribution of wealth. Everyone is equal, politics should be concerned with the better good of the community than the powerful/wealthy elite. Marx and Engels.
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Knights of Labor:
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lead by Terence Powderly, established in 1869, members included farmers, factory workers, shopkeepers, and office workers. They fought for social reforms such as equal pay, 8 hour work days, and ending child labor.
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labor union
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AFL:
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lead by Samuel Gompers, and founded in 1886, they catered to skilled workers who then created smaller unions who were each dedicated to a specific craft. Women, and black men were not included. They fought for workers’ wages, hours, and working conditions.
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labor union
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American Railway Union:
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a union of railway workers, formed in 1893 as a result of the Great Railroad Strike.
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Great Railroad:
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the first major incident of nationwide labor unrest. It started with a 10% wage cut in Baltimore and Ohio, and then there were dangerously long trains, and increased layoffs.
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strike
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Haymarket (riot)
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in 1886, what started as a protest for 8 hour days, turned into a riot when police were called in to break up the protests. Possibly by the Knight’s of Labor.
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Homestead Strike
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a strike by the workers of Carnegie Steel who’s wages were cut by Henry Frick while Carnegie was on vacation.
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Pullman Strike
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in order to make more of his new sleeping cars, George Pullman made his own little town to house his huge labor force, but he pissed them off by randomly cutting their wages by 25% and not lowering costs of food or rent.
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push-pull factors of Western settlement:
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events and conditions that either force people to move elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them to do so. Push: civil war displaced thousands of farmers, former slaves, and other workers. Plus eastern land was expensive. Pulls: government incentives, private property, homestead act: you got so much land for building a minimum sized house, farming the land, and living there for at least 6 months of the year.
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migration of the Exodusters:
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a huge group of black people trying to escape reconstruction persecution, so they moved west. Like “exodus”
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conflict over land between the Native Americans and settlers:
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native Americans fought to protect their land which was sacred to them, because settlers were just coming in from all over to take land which did not belong to them.
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Sand Creek Massacre:
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random sneak attack on the Cheyenne by colonel John Chivington. Killed 150-500 people, mostly women and children.
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Battle of Little Bighorn:
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Sioux Indians resisted White settlers as best they could. When the whites tried to build a road through their territory, the Sioux fought them. That battle of little bighorn, aka Custer’s Last Stand, was a huuuge outnumbering battle. The Indians outnumbered the whites 2000-200. aka 100-1
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Massacre at Wounded Knee:
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this was a huge overreaction by the whites in response to Ghost Dances/Rain Dances. Later, during the battle, when Sitting bull resisted capture, he was shot, and his mourning clan was also shot and killed.
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challenges for homestead families:
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challenges for homestead families: building homes was a problem. Their home had to be a certain size, and on the great plains, there were no trees for woodframe houses. So they dug their homes out of embankments. Grasshoppers, locusts, and boll weevils destroyed fields/crops. Mosquitoes carried diseases. Rattlesnakes. Failing crops, rising debts. Etc.
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innovations that improved prairie farming:
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mechanized reaper, bared wire, dry farming, steel plow, harrow, steel windmill, hybridization, improved communication, grail drill.
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the Turner thesis:
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frontier life did not include the contributions of women and of various ethnic groups. It emphasized the effects of individual effort but played down the effects of federal subsidies and business investments on development and on native Americans.
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the debate over monetary policy: greenbacks, gold or silver:
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inflation ruins everything, see: if the bank puts out more money, the money that’s already out is worth less. Gold and silver made up a bimetallic standard. To prevent inflation, the worth of gold and silver coins was set at the same price all over the country.
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the Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance:
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Farmers would get together to form unions in order to get government support. They wanted railroads to run their crops down, and more profit from the crops they sold. women served as officers in the Farmer’s Alliance, and they like that a lot.
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contextual meaning of “the Gilded Age”:
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the time seemed to some to be the Golden Age of America, but in actuality, only a small percentage of people were wealthy, so instead of Golden, they called it Gilded
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laissez-faire vs. government involvement:
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laissez faire was the idea of hands off government. The invisible hand, adam smith, all that jazz. Also sort of played off the idea of social Darwinism, the fittest will survive and be wealthy, and the poor, and “lazy” people will die off. Government involvement meant that the government was involved. The end.
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the exposure of corruption in the Credit Mobilier Scandal:
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while building the transcontinental railroad, Credit Mobilier charged way more than was actually necessary, and used that money to pay high ranking Government officials under Ulysses S. Grant.
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the spoils system and President Chester Arthur’s reforms:
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the spoils system and Arthur’s reforms: the spoils system bought or handed government jobs to whoever wanted them, and president Chester Arthur instated a Civil service Commission which classified government jobs and tested applicants’ fitness for them. It also stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds and could not be fired for political reasons.
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motivation for immigration:
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potato famine, world war II, depression, general bad shit.
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characteristics of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and Mexico:
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immigrants from Europe had to be quarantined before they could enter the country, because some had lice, trachoma or tuberculosis. Immigrants from Asia were discriminated against. Chinese were prohibited from joining the work force, and the Japanese were relocated during world war II.
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factors that led to the growth of cities and tenements:
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factors that led to the growth of cities and tenements: the mass amounts of immigrants, and people moving away from the farms made the cities expand. To cram more people into the cities, tenement buildings were built. These were basically really dumpy apartment buildings.
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the issues between Spain, the US and the Seminoles in the Florida territory
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Spain and the US had a treaty to not attack each other’s land. While spain was dealing with rebellions, they left Florida unattended, and so the Seminole Indians attacked. To subdue the Seminoles, Andrew Jackson came in with an American army, quieted the Indians, and captured all of Florida. Spain was like, ‘wtf? I thought we weren’t attacking/taking land from each other?’
But essentially, Spain didn’t do their job keeping the Seminoles out so they had to give up Florida eventually. |
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the effects of the Adams-Onis Treaty
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Spain gave up Florida and their Pacific Northwest Territory. This expanded American land from coast to coast, for the very first time.
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the risks and benefits of following the Oregon Trail
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Benefits: moving to new, available lands. Lands that people can start farms and ranches on. There were dangerous Indians who didn’t want white people moving in on their land, and they posed a threat to the settlers. Don’t forget, the Oregon trail was a series of Indian trails, so the Indians obviously knew their way up and down them.
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the role of republican virtues in shaping the new century in America
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Self-reliance, industry, frugality, harmony and sacrifice. These would promote hard work, independence, and these would be instilled in the children in order to make the country great. They would bring about the industrial revolution and the second great awakening.
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Eli Whitney:
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invented interchangeable parts and the cotton gin
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interchangeable parts:
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all the parts of guns (or other machines) are made the same way so that if one breaks, it is easily replaced. Whitney said that he could make 10,000 guns in about 2 years, with the help of his interchangeable parts.
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cotton gin:
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a little crank-run machine that cleaned all the seeds out of cotton so that slaves didn’t have to do it by hand. Helped produce clean cotton faster, but then put the pressure on the slaves to pick faster and put out more clean cotton faster
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Lowell Mills:
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run by Francis Cabot Lowell, textile mills, employed young, single women in exchange for board and food.
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Robert Fulton:
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created the steamboat with James Watt’s steam engine. Clermont was the name of his steamboat
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Clermont:
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. Well, this is Robert fullton’s steamboat. Was able to travel up the Hudson, against the current. Ooooh.
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Erie Canal:
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connected the Hudson River and Lake Erie, a man made river that boats could pass on. Opened in 1825
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B and O Railroad:
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the Baltimore and ohio railroad. Along which steam locomotives could pass. 1828
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the effects of the Second Great Awakening:
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anyone, rich or poor, could win salvation if they chose to. New denominations, such as Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, and Mormons came about.
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the importance of spirituals among African Americans:
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Spirituality gave many African Americans hope, and they used spirituals to hide secret messages that could eventually lead them to freedom.
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the meaning and value of a free enterprise system:
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characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods; investments that are determined by private decision rather than state control; and determined in a free market. The state can’t interfere with the marketing decisions of the individuals.
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the characteristics of the economy in the North:
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the farming was still good because of the fertile fields which grew corn, wheat and other grains. The rise of industry flourished in the north. (textile mills like Lowell, etc.) the rise of labor unions also. They had strikes and all that.
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the characteristics of the economy in the South:
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still very rural, and slavery was still allowed. The slaves realized that there was no slavery in the north and they began to revolt.
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the significance of Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner:
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both were black men , who led slaves to revolt against their masters and fight for freedom.
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McCulloch v Maryland (1819)
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Reinforced (1) the doctrine of implied powers and (2) the principle of the power of the national government over state governments.
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Dartmouth v Woodward (1819)
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Prevented state interference in business contracts. Gave stability to the economy by encouraging growth of corporations.
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Gibbons v. Ogden
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Established the federal government’s right to regulate all aspect of interstate commerce.
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the meaning and four positions presented in the Monroe Doctrine
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-no involvement with internal affairs of Europe
-will not interfere with existing colonies -no further colonization: other countries could not set up colonies on American soil -attempts for colonization will be seen as hostile: and we’ll kick your asses so back up |
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the outcome of the election of 1824
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it was John Quincey Adams, v. Henry Clay, v. Andrew Jackson. Though Jackson won the popular vote, Adams won the house of representatives’ vote, and he made Henry Clay his VP.
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the creation of a "spoils system":
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Andrew Jackson rewarded his friends with government jobs but he as always rotating and replacing people, supposedly to keep one group of people from getting too wealthy, and too powerful.
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the nullification crisis:
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South Carolina hated some of the tariffs that Jackson passed so they nullified them, and after careful consideration decided that they could secede from the US if they really wanted to, but Jackson put his foot down and told them no.
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the closing of the Bank of the US:
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Jackson vetoed the charter that would keep the Bank of the US open because he saw the bank as a monster institution that was controlled by a small group of wealthy easterners.
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transcendentalists:
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geniuses like Thoreau and Emerson who believed that spiritual discovery and insight would lead a person to truths more profound than could be reached through reason.
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temperance movement:
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a campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. A lot of women involved, because they believed that drinking threatened family life.
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Horace Mann and public education:
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government funded .:. free for everyone else, school for children. Horace Mann was the leading pioneer of this education reform; he got schools in Massachusetts and encouraged other states to do the same. By the 1850s, most northern stats had free public elementary schools.
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Dorothea Dix and prison reform:
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got special facilities for the mentally ill, so that they didn’t have to sit in jail with common convicts.
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William Lloyd Garrison:
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white abolitionist. Published The Liberator an antislavery newspaper. Founded the American Anti-slavery Society
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Frederick Douglas:
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black abolitionist, started out as a slave, escaped to the north and joined the American Anti-Slavery Society, started his own abolitionist newspaper, the North Star
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Grimke sisters:
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white abolitionists from South Carolina
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Harriet Beecher Stowe:
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another female abolitionist
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the significance of the Underground Railroad:
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helped slaves escape to freedom.
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the leaders of the women's suffrage movement:
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Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. later, Alice Paul, and her friends from Iron Jawed Angels.
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Factors that contributed to the US’s increased desire for imperialism-
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economic factors, nationalism, military, humanitarian
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Seward’s Folly-
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Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln bought barren wasteland, Alaska, and everybody thought he was an idiot. Who’s laughin’ now, beezy?
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Cuban economic rebellion-
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the Cubans were being oppressed by their government, and the US refused to help them. To get the attention of the US, the Cubans set fire to all of their sugar plantations to piss off the Americans. It worked.
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Dupuy de Lome letter-
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the Spanish ambassador wrote a letter that was stolen from him by the US newspapers. The letter said that de Lome thought that president McKinley was “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” This pissed everyone off and made them anti-Spanish.
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THE Maine-
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comprised of
-john ohhh -pat kirch -kennedy brock -garrett nickelson -jared monaco written songs such as "Daisy", "Everything I Ask For", and "Count Em One Two Three". covered Akon's "I Wanna Love You" for the punk goes crunk compilation. Went on tour with All Time Low, Every Avenue, and Mayday Parade during The Compromising of Integrity, Morality & Principles in Exchange for Money Tour. aka one of the many cool bands that are from Arizona. |
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The creation of the Panama Canal-
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TR believed in his big stick policy, and he decided he wanted to make use of that thin strip of land in Panama. So he tricked the Panamanians into rebelling against their government, in exchange for US back up and independence. So the US backed them up, but then stole the land from the Panamanians. They then blew everything up, dug a big hole and filled it with water so that boats could go through.
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Roosevelt’s foreign policy-
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Roosevelt’s foreign policy-speak softly but carry a big stick.
Aka shut up until you need to whack someone with your huge navy that you’ve strategically set up all over the world. |
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Taft’s foreign policy-
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dollar diplomacy. Paying everybody to be nice to each other, and most importantly, the US.
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arguments for and against imperialism
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--moral-spread xtianity, western law and medicine. Con-expansionism rejects the idea of liberty for all. Labor laws = wrong
o political- new frontier abroad would keep Americans from losing their competitive edge. Con-threatens the nation’s democratic foundation and people in conquered lands should have constitutional freedoms. o racial- other countries need our help because we’re smarter than they are. Con- “enough immigrants!” no more culture! o economic- establish more trade ties and global influence, more natural resources. Con- invisest money in military, more taxations, more debt, forced to serve in military. |
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Four basic principles of progressivism
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1. government should be more accountable to its citizens
2. government should curb the power and influences of wealthy interests 3. government should be given expanded powers so that it could become more active in improving the lives of citizens 4. governments should become more efficient and less corrupt so that they could competently handle an expanded rule. |
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Actions of Florence Kelley and Mary Harris Jones-
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Kelley helped get Illinois to pass a law prohibiting child labor, limiting working hours for women, and regulating sweatshop conditions. She earned a law degree to be able to take legal action herself, instead of waiting around on the district attorney. Jones organized worker unions because she felt ad for her husband and had experience some work related hardships in her life as well. She fought to amend working conditions, and also worked for child labor laws.
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18th Amendment
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prohibition (the ban on making, selling, and buying alcohol) becomes a law
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17th Amendment
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people can vote for their senators
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16th Amendment
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authorized Congress to collect federal income taxes.
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National American Woman Suffrage Association and the Congressional Union-
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aka NAWSA and CU. Once part of NAWSA, (led by Carrie Chapman Catt) Alice Paul seceded and formed a similar but separate organization called the Congressional union. The CU was the more violent/militant version of NAWSA. They were the ones who set a dummy of Wilson on fire, and went on hunger strikes in prison.
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Outcome of the 1912 presidential election-
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Wilson won, beat out Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs.
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Creation of the Bull Moose Party-
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when Roosevelt wanted to run again, and wasn’t elected as the republican candidate, so he started his own party of progressives.
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