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64 Cards in this Set

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Roanoke

First settlement in America (1585), but leaders left and found the people gone when they returned,



Evidence found: 5 chests of smashed goods, "Crotoan" on post, "Cro" on tree



Theories:


1) killed by natives


2) starved to death


3) Spain captured/drove them out


4) joined natives


--(light skinned natives found 20yrs later)


5) moved to "Crotoan"

Theories of the missing settlement

Sir Walter Raleigh

One of the leaders of Roanoke, left for 3yrs, came back to find it gone

John White

One of the leaders of Roanoke, left for 3yrs, came back to find it gone

Jamestown

Second (first successful) settlement in america by British.



Reasons British tried again:


1)Nationalism for England


2) Personal wealth for the crown


3) Find Northwest passage


4) Convert natives to Christianity


5) Place to send the worthless people

Reasons British tried a second settlement

John Smith

Outcast who mapped the region,


He becomes friends with natives which helped save the Jamestown settlement later on,


was a tough leader with military style discipline "no work, no food"


Injury forced him to leave, colonists starved in his absence (cannibalism)

Did not marry Pocahontas like the movie

John Rolfe

Experimented with tobacco, introduced good tobacco for colonists to grow that england would buy, saved the colonies financially, married Pocahontas

This is the guy who married Pocahontas.... Not john smith

Joint Stock Company

Rich people paid for other peoples voyages to america in return for the person to work as an indentured servant to them for a few years

Indentured servants

Pocahontas

Mediator between English and natives, her picture was the face for the natives for all of england, she married John Rolfe and died of smallpox back in england

Married John Rolfe NOT John Smith

1619

"Year that saved the Colony"



1) 90 unmarried women brought to make it more attractive, (men who pay for a woman's journey can take her as his wife)



2) first ship of indentured servants from Holland



3) House of Burgesses set up as first representative colonial government to ensure rights of Englishmen and to get involved

Servants

French and Indian War

Results:


1) American are mad because their gains are lost (land won was taken away)


2) British soldiers feel colonist fight in a dishonorable way


3) French want revenge on British


4) British station more troops in the colonies to keep them in line


5) British go into debt


6) colonists bond closer together


7) "dress rehearsal" for the big war

(Not French vs Indians)


How did it lead to the revolution?

Pontiac's Rebellion

What: Pontiac (Ottawa leader) attacked British forts, but was defeated by British who gave them blankets infected by smallpox (biological warfare)



Why: British didn't respect them, the Ottawa couldn't adjust to the British



Result: Proclamation of 1763 made to avoids further conflicts, British banned colonists to settle west of the Appalachian mountains

Proclamation of 1763

What: colonists were banned to settle west of the Appalachian mountains, made the avoid further conflicts with the natives



Why: natives wanted their land back, British wanted to make peace and save troops and save money



Result: colonists were mad they lost the land they fought and died for, they felt abandoned

Sugar Act

1764



What: cut taxes in half on molasses, put new taxes on textiles/coffee/wine/sugar, and strengthened penalty laws



Why: stop/decrease smuggling, pay off debt, and pay for more troops to come over



Result: colonists were angry, bonded closer, and refused to buy imports (non importation agreement)

Currency Act

1765



What: took away colonists right to issue paper money



Why: to make colonists economically dependent on thebbritish and to continue to exert authority



Result: colonists were economically dependent on the British by 1769

Quartering Act

1765



What: authorized British commanders to house British soldiers in vacant private houses



Why: save money on housing



Result: protests, colonists threatened to reconvene if demands not met by may 1775 (British soldiers took advantage of rights to house in colonists homes)

Stamp Act

1765



What: required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for all legal documents etc. Imposed stamp duties on cards/dice (1st direct tax on the colonists)



Why: British wanted to stop revolutionary ideas from spreading (wanted to make it harder for colonists to get newspapers)



Result: protests, Sons of Liberty, declaratory act, declaration of rights and grienvances


"No taxation without representation"

Declaratory Act

1766



What: repealed stamp act, restated kings power to do anything to control the colonists



Why: appease the colonists, continue to show who's in charge ("don't push me")



Result: colonists feel victory, blindsided to kings statement of control

Townshend Act

1767



What: proposed revenue laws, indirect taxes on imported materials, 3 penny tax on tea (proposed by Charles townshend)



Why: British need more money to pay off debt



Result: outraged, protested, stopped buying luxuries, 2,000 more soldiers in Boston

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770



What: denfensless mob shot at by British in front of



Why: mob was taunting (tensions high)



Result: 5 dead (crispus attucks) governor repealed all taxes except for tax on tea

Tea Act

1773



What: granted East India Trading Company the right to sell tea free of taxes (gave them a monopoly)



Why: cut colonial merchants out of tea trade, save largest British company, parliament who owned stock got rich



Result: protested violently, boston tea party

Boston Tea Party

December 16, 1773



Why: colonists (sons of liberty) dressed as natives dumped over 18,000 lbs of tea overboard in the boston harbor



Why: protest tea taxes



Result: intolerable acts

Intolerable Acts

1774



What:


1) shut down boston harbor


2) quartering act more intense


3) boston put under martial law


4) administration of justice (no soldier can be tried in the colonies)



Why: crack down of colonists after botson tea party



Result: committees of correspondence assembled first continental congress to draw up the declaration of colonial rights, agreed to reconvene if bonded, prepare them for war

First Continental Congress

Late in 1774



What:


1) secret meeting among colonial men held in Philadelphia


2)new list of grievances to the king


3)"the die is cast, colonists must either submit or triumph"-king


(No going back now)



Why: to discuss the possibilities of putting an end to the British tyranny



Result: British turn down their request

Second Continental Congress

May 10, 1775



What: Second secret meeting of the colonists



Why: further discuss the situation



Result:


1) raised a continental army with George Washington as the general


2) the Olive Branch Petition, one last chance for British to repeal their acts peacefully

Samuel Adams

Founder of the stamp act and one of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty

List of Grievances

Declaration of rights written by colonists

Sons of Liberty

Terrorist type patriots who acted out with protests and revolts

Samuel Prescott

Rode on horse to Concord to warn them the British were coming

Battles of Lexington and Concord

Patriot strategy: turn revolt into organized rebellion


British strategy: use power to make colonists reconsider



British went to Concord to break up the continental congress meeting and to confiscate the secret stash weapons.


They went out of their way to Lexington to get the Sons of Liberty and their leader Samuel Adams


70 minutemen meet british at Lexington they were outnumbered so both sides walked away


Shot was fired "shot heard around the world"


British slaughter them and continue on towards Concord


Colonists ambush them



American victory


-2nd continental congress meets

Battle of Fort Ticonderoga

Colonists: Ethan Allen, Green Mountain Boys, and Benedict Arnold go to get weapons at Fort Ticonderoga


(first offensive war for America)


Took it without a shot fired


Able to take Quebec and Montreal easily



American victory

King George III

King of England during the American Revolution

Benedict Arnold

American general who was a traitor and went to the British

Ethan Allen

Leader of the Green Mountain Boys

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, an anonymous 50 page pamphlet explaining his revolt,


Said it would allow America to:


1) trade freely


2) win foreign aid from british enemies


3) chance to create better society and economic opportunities for all


- it sold nearly 500,000 copies



Also wrote The American Crisis


-all colonist soldiers were soon required to read it


"These are the times that try men's souls..."

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 15-16th, 1775 colonists go to high ground, get 2 hills


June 17th, 1775 George Washington named general and british decide to take the hills


June 18th, 1775 british try to deter americans with sea barrage doesn't work so they take Breeds Hill with 3 charges


British loses are greater than american loses

Declaration of Independence

- Signed and made into law on July 4th, 1776


- Ended any chance of peace between America and England


- written mostly by Thomas Jefferson


Thomas Jefferson

Main writer of the Declaration of Independence

William Prescott

Colonial Colonel in Battle of Bunker Hill

Olive Branch Petition

America sent to England as a last chance for British to repeal all acts peacefully

Battle of Long Island

August 27th, 1776



Purpose was to isolate north from south, british hooked up with Hessians (30,000 men) George Washington and 8,000 men were ready to defend New York, british promised to pardon any soldier who surrendered.




Patriot Strategy: protect troops while retreating then hit with a counterattack while the British rested



British Strategy: isolate northern troops from southern loyalists and keep loyalists unaffected by war away from propaganda of the north

Valley Forge

George Washington and his troops camped here for the winter outside of Philadelphia while British stay warm in New York

William Howe

British General in battles of Long Island, White Plains, and Saratoga


He was sympathetic towards colonists

Richard Howe

British Admiral. Brother to Richard Howe

John Parker

British captain in the Battle of Bunker Hill "don't fire until you see the whites of their eyes"

Albany Plan

British's plan to use a three prong attack on Saratoga, Howe from south (decided to take Philadelphia first), troops from east (stopped by Americans), and Burgoyne from north gets there and sends all troops in and gets slaughtered



AKA (July 10th, 1754


Benjamin Franklin (delegate from Pennsylvania) suggested creating a unified government for the thirteen colonies)

Virginia Resolves

Series of resolutions passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765

Horatio Gates

Retired British soldier who served as an American general, led the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga in 1777

Battles of Saratoga

British in Montreal and NY


Americans in Philadelphia and Fort Ticonderoga



Albany plan: Howe up Hudson River, another group from Montreal to lake Ontario to Albany , and John Burgoyne down Lake Champlain from north



Howe went to capture Philadelphia first, successful but was late to Albany



Group 2 was stopped by colonists



Burgoyne was only one to show up put all troops he had in, was slaughtered



5700 british troops captured


French joined Americans



British generals: John Burgoyne and William Howe



American generals: Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold

Battle of White Plains

October 26th, 1776



2000 American troops vs 13000 British troops, Howe hesitates allowing enough time for American troops to escape area, (if attacked they would've been forced to surrender resulting in the british winning the war)

Battle of Trenton

British stayed in NY for winter leaving forts on NJ to be protected only by Hessians and second class British soldiers, Washington led troop to easily capture fort at Trenton (Hessians)


1000/1500 soldiers captured or killed, only 6 Americans injured

Battle of Princeton

December 28th, 1776 (2 days after battle of Trenton)



First battle where Americans defeat british troops (second class), more soldiers enlisting for America giving them a new hope

Baron von Steuben

Whipped raw recruits into shape at Valley Forge

Henry Clinton

British commander who led troops up to Charleston winning biggest victory for british (captured 5500 troops) then returned to NY

John Burgoyne

British general slaughtered at Battle of Saratoga because reinforcements never came

Francis Marion

"Swamp Fox" led ambushes on British in south

Nathaniel Green

Leader of Green Mountain Boys

Battle of Yorktown

October 18th, 1781



Cornwallis made big mistake of fleeing from Green to Yorktown, surrounded on peninsula, forced to surrender, Americans won the war

Marquis de Lafayette

French general who came up with brilliant plan at the Battle of Yorktown, helping the Americans win the war

Battle of Charleston

American's worst defeat of the revolution, unconditional surrender of Major General Benjamin Lincoln General Sir Henry Clinton and his army of 10,000 at Charleston, SC

General Charles Cornwallis

Charles Cornwallis led several successful early battles like New York, In 1781, as second in command to Gen. Henry Clinton, he moved his forces to Virginia, where he was defeated at the Battle of Yorktown

Treaty of Paris

Took 2 years to negotiate



1) Britain will recognize American independence


2) US is all land east side of the Mississippi except for Florida (Spain's)


3) Agreed to respect loyalists and return all stolen land

Order of the causes of the Revolution

1) Pontiac's Rebellion (1763)


2) Proclamation of 1763


3) Sugar Act (1764)


4) Currency Act


5) Quartering Act


6) Stamp Act


7) Declaratory Act (1766)


8) Townshend Act (1767)


9) Boston Massacre (3/5/1770)


10) Tea Act (1773)


11) Boston Tea Party (12/16/1774)


12) Intolerable acts

Advantages/disadvantages

British:


Advantages


-big population (9million)


-best navy


-1/3 of Americans are loyalist


Disadvantage s


-live across the ocean, costly to fight



Americans:


Advantages


-home land


-fighting for a stronger cause


Disadvantages


-small population (3mil)


-trouble maintaining credible army


-poorly supplied


-no navy

Order of the battles

1) Battle of Lexington April 19, 1775


2) Battle of Concord


3) Battle of Fort Ticonderoga May 10, 1775


4) Battle of Bunker Hill


5) The Battles of Saratoga October 19, 1781


6) Battle of White Plains


7) Battle of Long Island


8) Battle of Trenton


9) Battle of Princeton


10) Battle of Charleston


11) The Battle of Yorktown - the British surrender ended the American Revolutionary War