Us 2 H Final Exam - Page 2

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cold war meaning and fundamental characteristics

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A state of political tension and military rivalry between nations that stops short of full-scale war,

pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. The surrogates are typically states that are "satellites" of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country.

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Eisenhower

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the 34th President of the United States

Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe; he had responsibility for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45 from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO.[2]

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Korean War

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It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half. The north established a communist governemnt while the south established a right wing government

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Douglas MacArthur

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an American general who commanded the Southwest Pacific in World War II (1939-1945), oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan and led United Nations forces in the Korean War (1950-1953). A larger-than-life, controversial figure, MacArthur was talented, outspoken and, in the eyes of many, egotistical.

He later clashed with President Harry Truman over the Korean War and was removed from command.

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Eisenhower Doctrine

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a speech by President Dwight David Eisenhower on 5 January 1957, within a "Special Message to the Congress on the Situation in the Middle East". Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state.[1] Eisenhower singled out the Soviet threat in his doctrine by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

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Suez Crisis, Lebanon

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The Suez Crisis of 1956, in which the Egyptian Government seized control of the Suez Canal from the British and French owned company that managed it.

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coup in Iran (Mossadegh, the shah, etc.)

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The 1953 Iranian coup d'état was the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iran, and its head of government Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the United Kingdom (under the name 'Operation Boot') and the United States (under the name TPAJAX Project). The coup saw the formation of a military government under Mohammad-Rezā Shāh Pahlavi, who progressed from a constitutional monarch to an authoritarian one who relied heavily on United States support to hold on to power until his own overthrow in February 1979.

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hungarian revolt

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a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the People's Republic of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. It was the first major threat to Soviet control since the USSR's forces drove out the Nazis at the end of World War II and occupied Eastern Europe. Despite the failure of the uprising, it was highly influential, and came to play a role in the downfall of the Soviet Union decades later

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"roll back"

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the strategy of forcing change in the major policies of a state, usually by replacing its ruling regime.

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French defeat in Vietnam @ Dienbienphu

a whopper - ask dad

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The French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 signalled the end of French influence in Indochina.

It was the precursor to the Vietnam War

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Sputnik

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the first artificial Earth satellite.

The surprise success of this Russian satellite began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War.

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Berlin Wall

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a barrier constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany) starting on 13 August 1961, that completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin.

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Khrushchev

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led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War.

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Guatemala (1954)

whopper - ask dad

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the CIA covert operation that deposed President Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán (1950–54), with a paramilitary invasion by an anti–Communist army of liberation, titled Operation PBSUCCESS.

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Cuba, Fidel Castro

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a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba

transformed his country into the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere

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OPEC

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(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) an oil cartel whose mission is to coordinate the policies of the oil-producing countries.

Essentially they price fix oil to keep the supply and demand at levels they want. The goal is to secure a steady income to the member states and to secure supply of oil to the consumers.

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Bay of Pigs, cuban Missile Crisis

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In early 1961 President John F. Kennedy concluded that Fidel Castro was a Soviet client working to subvert Latin America. After much debate in his administration Kennedy authorized a clandestine invasion of Cuba by a brigade of Cuban exiles. The brigade hit the beach at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961, but the operation collapsed in spectacular failure within 2 days. Kennedy took public responsibility for the mistakes made, but remained determined to rid Cuba of Castro.

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Smith Act

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The Alien Registration act of 1940

a United States federal statute that set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of the U.S. government and required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government.

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McCarran Act

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also known as the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950

Designed to protect the US in the cold war against overthrow by the communists. The communist party had to register with the attorney general and provide certail information such as member lists. The law was later deemed unconstitutional

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loyalty oaths

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An oath that declares an individual's allegiance to the government and its institutions and disclaims support of ideologies or associations that oppose or threaten them

Government employees were prevented from having sympathetic associations with any communist or fascist group.

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HUAC

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The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was a powerful and controversial force in the investigation of alleged communist activity in America
investigated allegations of communist activity in the U.S. during the early years of the Cold War (1945-91). Established in 1938, the committee wielded its subpoena power as a weapon and called citizens to testify in high-profile hearings before Congress. HUAC's controversial tactics contributed to the fear, distrust and repression that existed during the anticommunist hysteria of the 1950s.

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Dennis v US

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a United States Supreme Court case relating to Eugene Dennis, General Secretary of the Communist Party USA. The Court ruled that Dennis did not have the right under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution to exercise free speech, publication and assembly, if the exercise involved the creation of a plot to overthrow the government.

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Henry Wallace

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Vice President of the United States (1941–1945)

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Hollywood 10

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10 motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in October 1947, refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations, and, after spending time in prison for contempt of Congress, were mostly blacklisted by the Hollywood studios.

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Blacklists

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a list or register of entities who, for one reason or another, are being denied a particular privilege, service, mobility, access or recognition.

The most famous systematic blacklist was the Hollywood blacklist, instituted by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1947 under McCarthyism to block screenwriters and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have Communist sympathies from obtaining employment.

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Alger Hiss Case

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Alger Hiss, high level, intelligent govenment worker was convicted of perjury (lying) for denying that he had been a Soviet spy

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Rosenbergs Case

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Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg and Julius Rosenberg were United States citizens convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage during a time of war, and executed. Their charges were related to the passing of information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

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Joe McCarthy, McCarthyism

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McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.

During the McCarthy era, thousands of Americans were accused of being Communists or communist sympathizers and became the subject of aggressive investigations and questioning before government or private-industry panels, committees and agencies. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators and union activists. Suspicions were often given credence despite inconclusive or questionable evidence, and the level of threat posed by a person's real or supposed leftist associations or beliefs was often greatly exaggerated.

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Army-McCarthy hearings

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a series of hearings held by the United States Senate's Subcommittee on Investigations between April 1954 and June 1954. The hearings were held for the purpose of investigating conflicting accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy.

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demagogue

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A political leader who seeks support by appealing to popular desires and prejudices rather than by using rational argument.

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witch hunt

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McCarthyism can also be synonymous with the term witch-hunt

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duck and cover

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a suggested method of personal protection against the effects of a nuclear explosion, which the United States government taught to generations of United States school children from the early 1950s until the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s

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fallout shelters

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an enclosed space specially designed to protect occupants from radioactive debris or fallout resulting from a nuclear explosion.

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nuclear hysteria

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When we are so afraid of the bad effects of nucleur energy that we overlook the benefits it brings.

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communist paranoia

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What was so "bad" about being associated with being communist back then. People lost jobs, celebrities were black-listed, and it was a general witch-hunt and paranoia going on.

People were legitimately scared of Communism taking over in the United States because of the horror stories that were coming out of Russia since the Bolsheviks took power in 1917. People were arrested and tortured, often being implicated to the police by former friends or even family members, thousands of people lost their property and were either shot immediately or sent to labor camps where they starved to death.

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1950s family and gender ideals

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In the “traditional” 1950s family, the father worked, and the mother stayed at home raising the children. But not all women found full-time homemaking an ideal way of life.
The strong emphasis on marriage led many young women to forgo a college education. College enrollment among women dropped sharply. And although some women pursued careers after college, many others dropped out early to get married or headed from graduation straight into marriage.

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roles for women in the 1950s

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Women were expeccted to be perfect, in every way. Everyone wanted the perfect TV family and a wife who would gladly wash the dishes and do the housework. They were expected to wear pearls and high heels and await the return of their all-knowing husband. Women were trained into this routine from an early age. The goal: Try to make your home a place of peace and order where your husband can relax.

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suburbs, car culture, rock n roll

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Many Americans wanted to escape the cities and live in surrounding suburbs, and the automobile allowed them to do so. The new interstate freeway system made travel easier. car dealers made radical changes to their cars each year to encourage new purchases. Teenagers and rock and roll were new. Young people had never been defined as their own group before because before the 1950s they usually worked to help support their families. Teens followed the lead of the returning soldiers from the WWII (they were a bit wild returning from 4 years of fighting.)

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consumerism

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a social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts.
"The good purchaser devoted to 'more, newer and better' was the good citizen," historian Lizabeth Cohen explained, "since economic recovery after a decade and a half of depression and war depended on a dynamic mass consumption economy."