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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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poor kidney function
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azotemia
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A greatly elevated BUN (>60 mg/dL) generally indicates
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moderate-to-severe degree of renal failure
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a serum creatinine level is a somewhat more specific measure of
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renal function
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Impaired renal excretion of urea may be due to temporary conditions such as
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dehydration
shock |
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altered cognitive function
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(encephalopathy
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An elevated BUN in the setting of a relatively normal creatinine may reflect a physiological response to a relative decrease of blood flow to the kidney (as seen in
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heart failure
dehydration |
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Normal human adult blood should contain between ____to ___of urea nitrogen per 100 ml of blood.
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7 to 21 mg
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an acute or chronic bacterial infection of the kidney and the lining of the collecting system(kidney pelvis)
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Pyelonephritis
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"urosepsis" is used interchangeably with
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Pyelonephritis
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signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis are
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dysuria
abdominal pain fever rigors delirum headache vomiting pain/tenderness of bladder |
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painful voiding of urine
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dysuria
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violent shivering while the temperature rises
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rigors
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____ and ____ develop when the tubules of the nephrons fail to reabsorb ____ efficiently.
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polyuria
nocturia water |
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frequent urination
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polyuria
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urination during nighttime
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nocturia
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a combination of leukocytes and bacteria in the urine (pus)
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pyuria
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ultrasound or CT scan can find an ______
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obstruction
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Urine culture results organism colony count is greater than _____ in urosepsis
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100,000
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The normal Ph range of urine is:
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4.5 to 7.5
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specific gravity normal range is
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1.003 to 1.029
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If specific gravity is high that the urine can be concentrated with:
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pus(pyuria)
glucose albumin protein dextran |
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BUN and creatinine test are _____in renal failure:
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elevated
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A potassium level of 6.0 can indicate renal ____
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failure
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normal value of calcium is between:
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8.8 to 10
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magnesium normal value is
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1.3 to 2.1
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total protein normal value is
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6.0 to 8.0
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albumin level for >60 yrs is
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3.4 to 4.8
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albumin level fro <60 yrs is
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3.5 to 5.0
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A ____ is performed if severe hypertension develops and if the other kidney has adequate function
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nephrectomy
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A neurogenic bladder can be caused by
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stoke
multiple sclerosis spinal cord injury |
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treatment of urosepsis is
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pain relief
antimicrobial drugs |
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which antiinfectives would be prescribed for pyleonephritis
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septra
gentamycin ampicillin cipro cephalosporin |
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what antispasmodic would be prescribed to relax the smooth muscle of the ureter and bladder and increase capacity
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Ditropan(oxybutynin)
propantheline(Pro-Banthine) |
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frequent relapsing infections of renal microorganisms drug therapy should be continued for how long?
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four to six weeks
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The nurse measure I&O and recommends fluid intake of ____ to ____ a day
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2000 t0 3000 a day
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the nurse monitors output which should be ___ to ___ per hour
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30 to 50 ml
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What lab tests should be monitored
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serum electrolytes
BUN creatinine urine culture |
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signs of fluid retention would be
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peripheral edema
SOB(shortness of breath) |
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SOB stands for:
(not the one you think!) |
shortness of breath
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Name the acid forming foods that acidify the urine
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meat
fish eggs grains cranberries corn poultry prunes |
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prune or cranberry juices prevent the formation of
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calcium and magnesium phosphate stones
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Recommend avoidance of ____ or ___ if bladder spasms are present
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alcohol
caffeine |
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frequency
urgency burning cloudy urine fever are signs of recurring ____ |
pyelonephritis
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a type of nephritis that occurs most frequently in children and young adults
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glomerulonephritis
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Symptoms of acute glomerulonephritis appear 2 to 3 weeks after a ___ ____
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respiratory infection
(strep throat) |
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The inflammatory response is from antigen-antibody stimulation in the glomerular capillary membrane which accounts from what condition not seen right away
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glomerulonephritis
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fifty percent don't have symptoms yet the symptoms of glomerulonephritis are
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periorbital edema or generalized edema
fever malaise nausea headache |
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<100ml of urine output a day is called what
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anuria
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oliguria(low urine output) is between ___ to___ ml/d
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100 to 500
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Urine with dark,smoky or frankly bloody appearance is called
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hematuria
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decreased hemoglobin
elevated BUN and creatinine erythrocyte sedimentation rate antigen-antibody response indicate what condition: indicate what condition |
glomerulonephritis
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medical management of glomerulonephritis symptoms are:
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sodium restricted diet(edema/HTN)
antimicrobials bedrest |
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The client with glomerulonephritis is not considered cured until free of protein and RBC's for:
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6 months
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urine from the bladder flowing back into the ureter
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vesicoureteral reflux
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vesicoureteral reflux
polycystic kidney disease What test could be performed to diagnosis the above conditions: |
voiding cystourethrography or
ultrasound |
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A slowly progressive disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli causing irreversible damage to the nephrons
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chronic glomerulus
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Aminoglycosides are avoided due to their toxicity in the treatment of
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chronic glomerulitis
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If the patient is pregnant, ____/___ combination is the treatment of choice. Cipro is contraindicated
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ampicillin/gentamicin
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Goodpasture's syndrome also known as:
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anti-glomerular basement membrane disease
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a rare condition characterised by rapid destruction of the kidneys and haemorrhaging of the lungs
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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Goodpasture’s syndrome is usually reserved for the _____ produced when the patient’s immune system attacks cells presenting the Goodpasture antigen
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autoimmune disease
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____ is caused by the shift of fluid from the intravascular space to interstitial and intracellular locations
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anasarca
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In glomerulitis which protein is lost in the urine
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albumin
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The fluid burden and subsequent renal failure contribute to these s/s:
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fatigue
headache hypertension dyspnea visual distrubances |
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_____, accumulation of nitrogen waste products in the blood, is evidenced by _____ BUN
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azotemia
elevated |
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Nursing diagnosis: excess fluid volume; the pt. should be monitored for:
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output >500ml/d
systolic BP>140 sodium restricted diet |
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fatigue,h/a,htn,dyspnea,visual distrubances are s/s of a fluid _____
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fluid overload
or subsequent renal failure |
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It is usually caused by either congestive cardiac failure, liver failure (cirrhosis of the liver) or renal failure/disease and severe malnutrition/protein deficiency.
It can also be created from the administration of exogenous intravenous fluid. |
anasarca
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Certain plant-derived anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, such as docetaxel, cause anasarca through a poorly understood capillary leak syndrome.
This condition is also called |
leucophlegmatia.
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a cystic genetic disorder of the kidneys.
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Polycystic kidney disease
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hypertension, fatigue, and mild to severe back or flank pain and urinary tract infections are symptoms of which congenital kidney disorder
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Polycystic kidney disease
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This disease is a autosomal dominant trait disease characterized by bilateral kidney cysts:
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Polycystic kidney disease
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cysts can interfer with blood flow in the kidney which results in
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hypertension
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People with polycystic disease are more susceptible to:
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kidney infections
kidney stones |
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The client may experience acute spasmotic pain when there is ureteral passage of
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clots or calculi
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a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone
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calculi
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Assessment findings of PKD are:
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hypertension
possible colic abdominal tenderness may have hematuria |
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Urinalysis in PKD may be an indicator of
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proteinuria
hematuria pyuria <>RBC's or HCT |
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an increase of RBC or HCT may be seen because of _____ production is accelerated
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erythropoietin
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with PKD which tests reveal enlarged kidneys
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CT,ultrasound,MRI,IVP
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which tests indicate kidney dysfunction
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BUN
creatinine GFR |
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Glomeruli Filtration Rate
Blood Urea Nitrogen What are the above abbreviations |
GFR
BUN |
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Hypertension is treated with
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diuretics,antihypertensive and sodium restriction
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Low RBC counts are treated with
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iron supplements
erythropoietin(Epogen)injections |
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In kidney disease, what nephrotoxins are avoided
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NSAIDS
cephalosporins |
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the condition where urinary calculi are formed in the urinary tract
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Urolithiasis
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urinary retention is also called
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ischuria
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common complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy
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ischuria
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In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause
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Bladder stones
Loss of detrusor muscle tone Hydronephrosis Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle Diverticula in the bladder wall |
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congestion of the kidneys)
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Hydronephrosis
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Urinary retention
lack of ability to urinate. |
ischuria
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sleep apnea, hyperparathyroidism,chronic renal failure, urinary incontinence, Interstitial Cystitis, diabetes, benign prostatic hyperplasia, Ureteral Pelvic Junction Obstruction or prostate cancer.Could be cause of:
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nocturia
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insufficient strength of the pelvic floor muscles. It is the loss of small amounts of urine associated with coughing, laughing, sneezing
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stress incontinence
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involuntary loss of urine occurring for no apparent reason
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Urge incontinence
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Local or surrounding infection, inflammation or irritation of the bladder.
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Idiopathic Detrusor Overactivity
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Defective CNS inhibitory response.
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Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity
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Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's Disease, stroke, and injury--including injury that occurs during surgery--can all harm bladder nerves or muscles
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Urge incontinence
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confusion, dementia, poor eyesight, poor mobility, poor dexterity, unwillingness to toilet because of depression, anxiety or anger, or being in a situation in which it is impossible to reach a toilet.
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Causes of functional incontinence
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Weak bladder muscles, resulting in incomplete emptying of the bladder, or a blocked urethra can cause this type of incontinence
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Overflow incontinence
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the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time
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Creatinine clearance rate
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the flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
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GFR above 90mL/min and no proteinuria
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Normal kidney function
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