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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main function of the urinary system?
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to maintain homeostasis
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What are the components of the urinary system?
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- two kidneys
- two ureters - urinary bladder - urethra |
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What is the waste filled solution?
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urine
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Where is the urine stored in?
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urinary bladder
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From where is the urine expelled from the urinary bladder?
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urethra
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What is the process to how toxic cellular waste products that were released into the blood are removed while useful nutrients are retained?
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this process is what happens in the kidney
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What is the waste from the kidney called?
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urine
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Where is the urine held temporarily?
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in the bladder until willfully expelled from the body at a convenient time.
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What is the anatomy of the kidney?
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the kidney is about 3 inches high, 2 inches wide and 1 inch deep.
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Where are the kidneys located in the body?
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they are located posteriorly in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the 12th rib.
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What is the location difference between the right and left kidney?
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due to the large amount of space taken up by the liver, the right kidney is usually a bit lower than the left kidney.
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How are the kidneys held in place?
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they are held in place by fat deposits and the fibrous connective tissues surrounding them.
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What might happen to people that have an extremely low level of body fat?
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one or both kidneys may "drop"; a condition that is painful and potential deadly.
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What is it called when a person's kidney falls because of low level of body fat?
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ptosis
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What are ureters?
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they are tubules that connect urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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How long is the average ureter?
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an average ureter is about 25 cm...about 10 inches
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What is one physical characteristic of the ureter?
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the diameter of the tube gets smaller as it goes down to the bladder
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What are the walls of the ureter lined with?
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it is lined with smooth muscle that contract in a peristaltic wave about twice each minutes, assisting the flow of urine to the urinary system
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In what rate is urine produced?
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slowly and continuously produced by the kidneys
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What was the convenient holding tank that God has made for us to hold our urine until time arrives for disposal?
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the urinary bladder aka bladder
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When the urinary bladder is empty what is its form?
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it is a flatten sac
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When the urinary bladder is full with urine what is its form?
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its form is expanded upward
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How much urine does the typical bladder hold?
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the typical bladder holds 600-800 mL of urine
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True or False...Men tend to have larger bladders then women.
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TRUE
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Where do both ureters enter the bladder?
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they enter through near the base and the urethra also drains the bladder from its base
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The location of the ureters and the urethra on the bladder indicates what?
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it indicates the points of a triangle called the trigone.
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What is a trigone?
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a relatively tough and inflexible part of the bladder
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Apart from the trigone, what is the texture of the urinary bladder?
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the remainder of the bladder is quite flexible and highly muscular
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What is the smooth muscle in the urinary bladder collectively called?
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detrusor muscle
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What does the detrusor muscle do?
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it contracts to expel urine from the bladder
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What is micturition?
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the expulsion of urine
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What prevents urine back flowing into the kidneys
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a small flap-like projections during micturition
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What happens as the urinary bladder as it is filled with urine?
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stretch receptors in the walls of the bladder monitor its state of distention
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What is distention?
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cause (something) to swell by stretching it from inside
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When about 250mL of urine is in the bladder what happens?
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the stretch receptors signal the brain
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When the bladder is at 250mL, the brain gets to choose weather it wants to dump it or not..
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When it is ignored the bladder and we once again become unaware of the bladder's condition, until about 500mL
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At 500mL, the bladder will send a stronger signal to the brain ...
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the bladder tells the brain that it wants to micturate
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At the level of 700-800mL the bladder is signaling the brain out of desperation...
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if one does not go to a bathroom willfully the bladder will let loose involuntarily.
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Through what does the urine pass through to get to the outside world?
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the urethra.
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What separates the urethra from the bladder?
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two sphincters: internal urethral sphincter and the external urethral sphincter
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Which of the sphincters opens reflexively?
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the internal urethral sphincter
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Which of the urethral sphincters open up willfully during micturition?
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external urethral sphincter
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What is the external urethral orifice?
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the urethra opens to the external environment here
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In females how long is the urethra?
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it is short, about 4cm or 1.5 inches and is used exclusively by the urinary system
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Where is the external urethral orifice located in the female?
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it is located lying superiorly to the vaginal opening
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In males, the urethra is considerably longer...how long is the male urethra?
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about 20 cm or 8 inches..hm
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Where does the urethra pass through the male system?
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it passes through the penis
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Is the urethra divided into three divisions in the male or female system?
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male
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What are the three divisions that the male urethra is divided into?
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1. the prostatic urethra- passes through the prostate glad
2. the membranous urethra- passes through the muscles of the pelvic floor 3. the penile urethra- passes through the penis |
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What is the other name of the penile urethra?
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spongy urethra, because it passes through the spongiosum of the penis
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What is one characteristic of the male urethra and the female one?
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the male urethra allows passage of urine and also the passage of sperm during the process of ejaculation
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The male urethra is shared between the urinary and reproductive systems. True or False?
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True
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What is the superficial layer of the kidney?
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renal capsule
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Right under the renal capsule, in the kidney, what lies there?
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the renal cortex
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What is the renal cortex?
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it is a white-ish layer containing numerous microscopic nephrons that filer the blood
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What are nephrons?
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each of the functional units in the kidney, consisting of a glomerulus and its associated tubule, through which the glomerular filtrate passes before emerging as urine.
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The urine that is produced during the filtering is passes through what?
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collecting ducts in the renal pyramids
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The urine that is passed through the collecting ducts in the renal pyramids is then emptied into what?
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the minor calyx
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The urine from the minor calyx is then emptied into what?
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the renal pelvis
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Finally the urine from the renal pelvis is drained into the ureter and is carried by what?
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by peristaltic contractions of the ureter to the bladder
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In each minutes about how much of the body's blood will pass through the kidneys?
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about 1/4 of the body's total blood volume
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Go over the blood supply of the kidney!!!
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Its boring but you have to go over it and get an A on this test! :D
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What is a nephron?
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the basic unit of the kidney and is responsible for filtering and processing blood and producing urine
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About how many nephrons does each kidney contain?
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about 1 million nephrons
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The production of urine is a how many step process?
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3 steps
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What is the first step of the production of urine?
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filtration
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What is the second step of the production of urine?
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reabsorption- useful components removed by filtration are put back into the blood
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What is the third step of the production of urine?
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secretion- toxic components not effectively removed by filtration are actively secreted from the blood
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Where in the kidney is the blood filtered?
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glomerulus, a capillary bed fed by the afferent arteriole and enclosed within a capsule
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What is the glomerular capsule aka Bowman's capsule?
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look this one up :D
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Where does newly filtrate go to after it leaves the glomeruls?
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it goes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
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What happens to the filtrate when it passes through the PCT?
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useful components like, glucose are selectively reabsorbed back into blood
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the blood that has just received the useful components do what after they have received it?
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they re-enter the bloodstream in capillaries surrounding the tubule called peritubular capillary bed.
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Once that blood is out of the tubules what is it called?
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the blood is called tubular fluid
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