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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four function of the urinary system? |
-excretion of metabolic wastes -maintenance of water-salt balance -maintenance of acid-base balance -secretion of hormones |
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What are the nitrogenous wastes? How are the made? |
-Urea,by product of amino acid metabolism, formed when ammonia from the liver combines with CO2 -creatinine, by product of creatine phosphate breakdown -uric acid, by product of breakdown of nucleotides, build up causes gout |
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How is the water salt balance maintained? |
-blood volume is associated with salt balance - salt causes osmosis into the blood -more water= higher blood pressure - kidney controls blood pressure through water and salt regulation -regulates potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium ions |
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How is the acid base balance maintained? |
-kidneys regulates the pH of the blood plasma -maintains it by excretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate -urine pH is normally around 6 due to high acid diet |
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What are the two major hormones secreted by this system? What do they do? |
-Renin, regulates blood pressure by releasing aldosterone from the adrenals which leads to reabsorption of the sodium ions -Erythropoietin, stimulates red blood cell production, which activates vitamin D for calcium absorption |
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Describe the structure of the kidneys |
-located in lumbar regions -beneath the periotneum -covered by tough capsule -the concave side is called the hilus and this is where the renal artery and vein are located |
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What are the major functions of the ureters? Describe the structure |
-conducts urine from kidney to bladder -conveys urine by peristalsis -3 layered: mucosa, smooth muscle and outer connective tissue |
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What are the major function of the bladder? Describe the structure |
- stores urine -located in the pelvic cavity - bladder is expandable: middle layer of circular muscle, 2 layers of longitudinal muscle and lined with transitional epithelium |
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What is the major function of the urethra? |
- conducts urine out of body |
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How do we sense the need for urination? How do we override this? |
- when bladder fills up to 250mL the stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder sends impulses to the spinal cord - the impulses causes the bladder to contract , and micturition reflex occurs - reflect can be over ridden by the brain in adults and older children, which delays urination till appropriate |
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What is the function of the Bownman's Capsule? |
-first step in filtration of blood to form urine -cup-like structure with an inner layer of podocytes - podocytes are specialized cells that cling to globular capillaries and form pores for passage of small molecules |
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What is the function of Proximal Convoluted Tubules? |
-cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli that increase the surface area for absorption from the filtrate |
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What is the function of the Loop of Henle? |
-U shapes tube that conducts urine within each nephron -reabsorbs water and important nutrients in the filtrate |
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What is the function of the Distal Convoluted Tubule? |
-cuboidal epithelial cells -responsible for reabsorption of sodium, water and secretion of hydrogen potassium |
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What is the function of the Collecting Duct? |
-where urine is first formed -transports the urine from the nephrons and and empties in into the renal pelvis -absorbs water |
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What is the function of the Renal Vein? |
-branches off the inferior vena cava -carries deoxygenated blood from the kidneys to the heart |
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What is the function of the Renal Artery? |
- branch from the aorta into the kidneys -carries blood from the heart to the kidneys |
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What is the function Glomerus? |
- |
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What is the function of the kidneys? |
-extract waste from blood -balance body fluids - form urine |
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Describe the sphincters found in the bladder |
Internal sphincter- composed of smooth muscle, involuntary control External sphincter - composed of skeletal muscle, and can be voluntarily controlled |
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How does the urethra differ in males and females? |
- very short in females, why females are more prone to urinary tract infections -For males, the urethra leaving the bladder is encircled by the prostate gland |
