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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of the kidney
Location size weight |
to produce urine
Found retro peritoneal btw T12 and L3 Left is slightly superior about 10 cm long 5.5 cm wide 3cm thick about 150g |
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Ureter Function
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transport urine to the urinary bladder
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Urinary bladder function
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temporarily store urine prior to elimination
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Functions of the urinary system: Primary
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Primary to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
regulat plasma concentrations of Na+ K+ Cl- ions Stabilize blood pH, controlling the loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine Conserving valuble nutrients and excreting wastes Assisting the liver in detox poisons |
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Micturation:
what coordinates it? how does it function? |
Removal of urination controlled by the micturition reflex which is initiated by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder, the voluntary process of unrination is coupling this reflex w voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter
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Which parts of the nephron are located in the renal cortex?
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All of the parts of cortical nephrons are there
In jusxtamedullary nephrons the Glomerulus, the DCT PCT part of the upper decending loop of henle, part of the ascending loop of henle, the glomerulus, some of the peritubular capillaries, bowman's capsule, as well as afferent and efferent arterioles. |
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Cortical nephrons vs juxtamedullary nephrons
% composition and function |
85% are cortical
15% are Juxtamedullary most of the reabsorption is by cortical, however juxtamedullary nephrons enable the kidneys to produce concentrated urine. |
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3 distinc processes to create urine
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Filtration
reabsorption secretion |
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Where does most of the reabsorption occur
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At the PCT
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Under normal circumstances why do RBC's and WBC's not entered into the loope of helne?
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Because of select filtration at the bowman's capsule,
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Flow of urine from the nephrons out of the body.
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Down the collecting ducts> pyramids in medulla> minor calix> major calix> Renal pelvis> uereters> urinary bladder> urethra
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Function of kidney's
Primary |
Primary function is to maintain body volume
2nd remove metabolic wastes from blood regulate RBC production, BP vol composition and pH dump H+ ions conserve carbonate ions |
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podocytes
vs capsule layer |
viscereal layer
parietal layer |
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Nephron
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basic functional unit of the kidney about a million per kidney
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
what makes up it, what does it detect? What does it produce? |
Made of the juxta cells and the maculate densa cells
Rennin detects ph and blood flow |
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How does filtrate form
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blood flows in through Afferent, and glomerular filtration allows specific solutes and fluids to create the filtrate
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How does urine form?
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after the filtrate goes through the PCT and DCT and loop of henle it becomes concentrated urine.
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone
In the DCT and adjacent CD it inserts aquaporins for increase in water absorption. |
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Describe tubular reabsorption.
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When solutes glucose water ect are reabsorbed into the body from the tube.
ie proteins, creatine, lactic citric uric amino acids, and ions PO4, SO3, Ca, K, Na |
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To make energy:
What do we use protiens for? What do we use fatty acids for? What is the bi-product of using amino acids for ATP synthesis? |
Protiens for oxidative phosphoralation: Krebs cycle ADP+Energy > ATP
Fatty acids> beta oxidation> Alpha beta, make energy. 20-22 known Remove the amine group via demination. NH2 is the biproduct and is converted to NH3 which is toxic. We get rid of the NH3 and dump it. |
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A cup like, double walled structure with an inner filtering membrane best
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bowman's capsule
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Occasionally, renal ______develop and disrupt normal flow.
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stones/calculi
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Women have more problems than men with urinary tract infections due to the fact the
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urethra are short and close to the anus.
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Which hormone works on the distal convoluted tubule to promote water reabsorption
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ADH
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pyelitis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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Diuretics will cause body fluids to become
a. hypertonic c. hypotonic b. hypoosmotic d. isotonic |
diuretics make you pee more so less fluid outside results in cell crenation, due to hypertonicity in body fluids
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The basic principle behind dialysis is:
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for diffusion across a semipermeable membrane
Typically for patients who have suffered renal failure. |
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What are several ways seretion and reabsorption is achieved?
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Through active traansport, co transport simple diffusion
Antiporters Symporters |
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Several things that are secreted
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Toxins drugs
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What substances are obligatory
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Water
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How long can your kidneys stop filtering, take a break for?
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If the kidneys stop filtering for a short time, they can go into renal failure
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What is chronic malignant hypertension?
Why is it so dangerous? |
It is when your bp constantly spikes, this can cause kidney (as well as other organ) failure.
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What makes up the net filtration pressure?
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The GCHP- (CHP+GCOP)
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure capsular hydrostatic pressure blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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Glomerular Filtration rate what does it depend on?
What are two types of tests? What are teh amounts in a 24 hour period typically? |
GFR depends on the NFP blood proteins RBCs(amount)Tests: Paraaminohippuric acid test PAH
Creatinen Inulin. produces 180L of filtrate pee out .6-2 L in 24 hours |
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What is the biproduct of amino acid catabolism?
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Urea
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What is the composition of urine?
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95% water ,
urrea, uric acid, creatine |
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How does uring move out of the 25 cm long ureters from the kidney
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peristalsis
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urinary bladder can hold how much fluid?
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600-700 ml
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Inflammation of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.
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Glomerulonephritis
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What two pressures can oppose Glomerular hydrostatic pressure?
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Blood coloid osmotic pressure and Capsular hydrostatic pressure
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A pt may be suffering from hypertension and/or congestive heart failure, with respect to the urination system which drugs can be used for tx to help overcome the pt's problem? How do these drugs work?
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Diuretics can be used as they promote the Loss of urine and thus decreases blood pressure and blood volume. However if one is not under medical supervision ie. cosmetic dehydration there can be electrolyte imbalances and consequent cardiac arrest
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What substances are reabsorbed in the collecting duct?
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Na+ exchanged for K+
Bicarbonate Urea |
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Secretions at the DCT
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K+ H+ NH4+ HCO3-
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Reabsorption in the DCT
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Na+ Cl-
usually controlled by aldosterone |
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A pt has an hormone imbalance of aldosterone in their system where aldosterone is being produced in high amounts, what clinical condition could this cause?
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Hyperkalemia a dangerous reduction in the plasma K+
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A pt that has low blood glucose levels and has glucose in their urine may have a problem reabsorbing glucose and this can cause diabetes. How Does this happen? What is the condition called?
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Renal glycosuria, a defective carrier protein that makes PCT not reabsorb the glucose.
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2 functions of counter current multiplication
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1. it reabsorbs solutes and water before the fluid reaches the DCT
2. It establishes a concentration gradient that permits the passive reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid in the collectin system: Reabsorption is regulated by ADH |
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When a pt's respiratory activity cannot keep pace with the generation of CO2 in peripheral tissues what is this considered?
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Acute acid-base respiratory acidosis
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3 buffer systems of the body and which one mainly pertains to the urination system?
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1. Carbonic acid- bicarbonate buffer system
2. Phosphate buffer system 3. Ammonia buffer system |
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a pt is suffering from pain and upon diagnosis it is found that the capsular hydrostatic pressure is elevated and that filtration is blocked. Upon x-ray calculi are visible, though peristalsis and fluid pressures are insufficient to dislodge.
What is this pt suffering from? What are several tx? What is this caused by? |
Renal Calculi causing urinary obstruction
Tx: Surgery, lithotripter, (sound waves) a catheter w a laser Clacium deposits, magnesium salts or crystals of uric acid can form renal calculi. However small blood clots, epithelial cells lipids can form along the collecting duct also causing blockages. |
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A pt is x-rayed and found to have a blockage in the ureter, btw which two organs in the body is urine being obstructed?
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The bladder and the kidneys
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What are the detrusor musclles responsible for?
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The micturition reflex, ability to pee.
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Renal failure can cause many life threatening problems, such as fluid balance issues, pH muscle contractions, metabolism and digestive problems. Symptoms can be sleeplessness, seizures, delirium, or coma. Nephrotoxic drugs can be the cause of this and eventually lead to end-stage renal failure.
What are some tx, of end stage renal failure as there is no cure? |
Kidney dialysis, kidney transplantation
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What can a male with an enlarged prostate, a person who suffers a stroke, alzheimers or degradation of the spincter muscles that retain urine be more suseptible to?
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Mictoration reflex problems, possible incontinence
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How can down regulation in elder pts cause issues with ADH?
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The distal portions of the nephron and collection systems can become less sensitive to ADH, reabsorption of water and Na+ will be reduced and more Na+ will be secreted as a result.
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Btw the ages of 25-80 about how many nephrons die? Percentage
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30-40 % of nephrons drop,
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pyelogram
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image of the urinary system, by xrays
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When the renal threshold for a substance exceeds its tubular maximum (taken from book martini) what habbens to that substances
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it'll be secreted.
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Pt is suffering from severe edena at various points of her body, how can a diuretic help reduce symptoms? What is one important side affect?
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A diurettic would decrease water retention, decreasing fluid totals in the body and help alleviate the swelling. However electrolyte imbalance may be a result, and cardiac issues may incur.
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a Pt has renal arteriosclerosis what should one look for, what issues may arise?
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Hypertension, as there wil be a problem moving fluids out of the body, thus increased water retention and increase in fluid pressure.
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