Urinary Physiology

Front 1

Why the glomerulus is unique?

Back 1

1. No gas exhange

2. Arterial going in and out

3. Afferent arteriole has larger diameter that effernt

Front 2

Peritubular Capillaries and Vasa Recta

Back 2

1. Continue from efferent arteriole

2. Closely associated w/ tubule

3. Allow reabsorption and secreation

Front 3

Cortical nephron location

Back 3

Renal Cortex

Front 4

Juxtamedullary nephron location

Back 4

Medulla Cortex

Front 5

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Back 5

Juxtaglomerular cells and Macula Densa

Front 6

Juxtaglomerular Cells

Back 6

Sense BP in afferent arteriole, contain renin

(detect stretch)

Front 7

Macula Densa

Back 7

Sense changes in solute concentrations in filtrate (ion concentration)

Front 8

Why filtration?

Back 8

High hydrostatic pressure, passive - non selective

Front 9

What is GHP?

Back 9

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure - "Pushing"

Front 10

Normal GHP

Back 10

~ 60mmHg

Front 11

What is COP?

Back 11

Capsular Osmotic Pressure - "Pulling"

Front 12

Normal COP

Back 12

~0mmHg (normal not to have)

Front 13

What is GOP?

Back 13

Glomerular Osmotic Pressure - "Pulling"

Front 14

Normal GOP

Back 14

~32mmHg

Front 15

What is CHP?

Back 15

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure - "Pushing"

Front 16

Normal CHP

Back 16

~ 18mmHg

Front 17

What is NFP?

Back 17

Net Filtration Pressure

Front 18

Normal NFP

Back 18

~ 10mmHg

Front 19

Net Filtration Pressure Formula

Back 19

GHP + COP - (GOP + CHP)

Front 20

What is GFR?

Back 20

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Front 21

Normal GFR

Back 21

125ml / min (180L / day)

Front 22

Things not filtered in glomerulus

Back 22

Cells, Proteins, Platelets

Front 23

Renal Tubule

Back 23

PCT, Nephron Loop, DCT

Front 24

Processes used to form urine

Back 24

Filtration, Reabsorption, Secreation

Front 25

Filtration

Back 25

Glomerulus ---> Glomerular Capsule

Front 26

Reaborption

Back 26

Tubule ---> Peritubular Capillary

Front 27

Secretion

Back 27

Peritubular Capillary ---> Tubule

Front 28

Effects of Afferent Arteriole Constriction

Back 28

⬇GHP = ⬇NFP = ⬇GFR

Front 29

Effects of Efferent Arteriole Constriction

Back 29

⬆GHP = ⬆NFP = ⬆GFR

Front 30

Effects of Afferent Arteriole Vasodilation

Back 30

⬆GHP = ⬆NFP = ⬆GFR

Front 31

Effects of Efferent Arteriole Vasodilation

Back 31

⬇GHP = ⬇NFP = ⬇GFR

Front 32

Effects of Hypoproteinemia

Back 32

⬇GOP = ⬆NFP = ⬆GFR

Front 33

Effects of Hyperproteinemia

Back 33

⬆GOP = ⬇NFP = ⬇GFR

Front 34

Effects of Urinary Obstruction

Back 34

⬆CHP = ⬇NFP = ⬇GFR

Front 35

Intrinsic Controls of GFR

Back 35

Autoregulation in Kidneys

Front 36

Extrinsic Controls of GFR

Back 36

1. Neural Control (SNS)

2. Hormonal Control (RA system)

Front 37

SNS Regulation - If BP drops...

Back 37

Afferent arteriole will constrict (Decreases GFR)

Front 38

SNS Regulation - If BP increases...

Back 38

Afferent arteriole will dilate (Increases GFR)

Front 39

Renin-angiotension System

Back 39

Release of renin b/c of ⬇ BP or ⬇ ion levels

Front 40

Where is ADH released?

Back 40

Posterior Pituitary

Front 41

Effects of Angiotension 2

Back 41

1. Vasoconstriction

2. ⬆ Aldosterone secretion

3. ⬆ ADH secretion

4. ⬆ Thirst

= Increase in Blood Pressure

Front 42

What is reaborbed from the filtrate?

Back 42

- 99% water

- Ions (Na, bicarb. [HCO₃]

- Glucose

- Ketone Bodies

Front 43

What is secreated in the filtrate?

Back 43

- Ions (K, H)

- Urea, uric acid

- Drugs

Front 44

Where does tubular reabosption occur?

Back 44

PCT (Proximal Convoluted Tubule) through microvilli

Front 45

Normal Total Body Glucose Levels

Back 45

80 - 100mg/dl

Front 46

Threshold Total Body Glucose Levels

Back 46

180 - 200mg/dl

Front 47

Blood pH regulating systems:

Back 47

Respiratory and urinary

Front 48

Isotonic Urine Concentration

Back 48

300 mOsm

Front 49

Hypotonic Urine Concentration

Back 49

<300 mOsm (diluted)

Front 50

Hypertonic urine Concentration

Back 50

>300 mOsm (concentrated)

Front 51

Descending Limb - permeability

Back 51

Impermeable to solutes, but permeable to H₂O

Front 52

Ascending Limb - permeability

Back 52

Permeable to solutes, but impermeable to H₂O

Front 53

Collecting Ducts - permeability

Back 53

Permeable to urea

Front 54

Countercurrent Multiplier Location

Back 54

Nephron Loop

Front 55

What does the countercurrent multiplier do?

Back 55

Establishes hypertonic medullary interstition

Front 56

Countercurrent Exchanger Location

Back 56

Vasa Recta

Front 57

What does the countercurrent exchanger do?

Back 57

Maintains hypertonic medullary interstition

Front 58

When is there reaborption in the DCT (distal convulated tubule)?

Back 58

When ADH is present

Front 59

Effects of ADH

Back 59

Causes DCT & CD to become permeable to H₂O

Front 60

Effects of Aldosterone

Back 60

Na reabsorption, H₂O reabsorption, K secreation and H secreation

Front 61

Anuria

Back 61

No urine production

Front 62

Glucosuria

Back 62

Glucose in Urine

Front 63

Diuresis

Back 63

Excessive Urination

Front 64

Dysuria

Back 64

Difficult Urination

Front 65

Hematuria

Back 65

Blood in Urine

Front 66

Oliguria

Back 66

Abnormally sm. amount of urine

Front 67

Polyuria

Back 67

Abnormally lg. amount of urine

Front 68

Cystitis

Back 68

Inflammation of urinary bladder

Front 69

Proteinuria

Back 69

Protein in Urine

Front 70

Pyuria

Back 70

Puss in Urine

Front 71

Polydipsia

Back 71

Increased thirst/drinking

Front 72

What is Glomerulonephritis?

Back 72

Inflammation of the glomeruli

Front 73

Cause of Acute Glomerulonephritis

Back 73

Immune complexes secondary to strep throat - Ability to recover

Front 74

Cause of Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Back 74

Immune complexes and progressive nephron damage --> fibrous tissue in glomerular membranes - Cannot regain function