Urinary Lab

Front 1

The kidneys occupy a retroperitoneal position in the abdominopelvic cavity of the body. They are located between -------- and the abdominal wall in the region between the 12th thoracic and 3rd ______ vertebrae.

Back 1

peritoneum
lumbar

Front 2

Each kidney is attached to the posterior abdominal wall via dense irregular connective tissue called renal +++++

Back 2

fascia

Front 3

Immediately surrrounding each kidney is a thin membrane called the renal ______

Back 3

capsule

Front 4

A protective adipose capsule composed of _____ tissue exists between the renal _____ and renal fascia.

Back 4

andipose
capsule

Front 5

Each kidney is dark red and shaped like a _____ bean with a concavity called the renal ____

Back 5

kidney
hilus

Front 6

Ureters, renal arteries, renal veins, +++++ vessels, and nerves pass thru the renal ++++ of both kidneys.

Back 6

lymphatic
hilus

Front 7

Internally, a kidney is divided into 3 regions: the renal cortex, the renal ____, and the renal +++++.

Back 7

cortex
pelvis
medulla

Front 8

The renal ++++ is the most superficial of the 3 regions.

Back 8

cortex

Front 9

The renal medulla, with numerous cone-shaped renal _____ is deep to the renal cortex.

Back 9

pyramids

Front 10

The base of each renal pyramid faces the ____, and the nipple-shaped apex, known as the renal ______,points toward the renal pelvis.

Back 10

cortex
papilla

Front 11

Renal --------- exist between the pyramids of renal medulla.

Back 11

columns

Front 12

Physiological units of each kidney, known as +++++, are located within the renal cortex and renal medulla. Nephrons engage in specific processes that form ++++++

Back 12

nephrons
urine

Front 13

The renal pelvis is the innermost region of a ++++++. It is a basin shaped cavity with extensions called the ++++ and _____ calyces.

Back 13

kidney
major and minor

Front 14

The minor calyces are cup shaped and collect urine that pass thru the papillary ducts of the renal +++++

Back 14

papillae

Front 15

The renal pelvis collects urine and guides it into oneof the ureters that connect the paired kidneys to the ++++++ bladder. With each kidney, there is a fat filled depression called the renal +++++ that surrounds the renal pelvis.

Back 15

urinary
sinus

Front 16

Each kidney produces one million +++++ that are regarded as physiological units of the kidney.

Back 16

nephrons

Front 17

Urine formation is the principle function of nephrons, but the juxtaglomerular apparatus of each nephron is concerned with regulation of ++++ ______

Back 17

Blood pressure

Front 18

Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal _______

Back 18

tubule

Front 19

The renal corpuscle filters blood durin a process known as glomerular +++++++

Back 19

filtration

Front 20

However, the renal tubule reabsorbs useful substances such as glucose, water, and sodium from glomerular filtrate during tubular ______

Back 20

secretion

Front 21

Renal corpuscles are located within the _____region of each kidney

Back 21

cortical

Front 22

A corpuscle consists of a capillary network called a ______ that is partially surrounded by a cup-shaped glomerular or Bowman's capsule.

Back 22

glomerulus

Front 23

Glomeruli within each kidney filter blood that is received from branches of the renal artery that are known as +++++ arterioles. Glomerular filtration occurs thru the thin, permeable walls of glomerular ++++++ as blood exerts pressure against the walls.

Back 23

afferent
capillaries

Front 24

Water and dissolved molecules pass thru capillary walls and thru visceral walls of the surrounding glomerular capsules to form a filtrate that enters the capsular space within each ====== space.

Back 24

glomerular

Front 25

The filtrate flows from the capsular space into the lumen of the renal tubule. After filtration occurs, blood leaves glomeruli via ______ arterioles.

Back 25

efferent

Front 26

Later, blood flows from these vessels into peritubular ++++++ that wrap around the renal tubules. These peritubular capillaries play important roles during urine formation and they are associated with both cortical and _________ nephrons. In addition to peritubular capillaries, juxtamedulluary nephrons have capillary networks called _____ _____ that exist parallel to their loops of Henle in the medulla.

Back 26

capillaries
juxtamedullary
vasa recta

Front 27

Each renal tubule is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule or PCT, a loop of _____, and a distal convoluted tubule.

Back 27

Henle

Front 28

The proximal convoluted tubule is an extremely long, narrow coiled tubular structure with numerous microvilli projecting into its______

Back 28

lumen

Front 29

Proximal convoluted tubules are located in the renal ____ and each is attached to a U-shaped loop of ++++ that exists in the renal _____.

Back 29

cortex
Henle
medulla

Front 30

The proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb water and useful solutes such as glucose, amino acids, and sodium ions from the glomerular _______

Back 30

filtrate

Front 31

100 percent of glucose and amino acids and 80percent of water and salts are returned to the bloodstream by reabsorption in the +++++ ______ tubules.

Back 31

proximal convoluted

Front 32

Loops of Henle consist of ________ and ascending limbs with thick and thin segments that are suited for reabsorption of water and salts. The descending limb of the loop of _____ is permeable to water. However, this limb is impermeable to salts. In contrast, the _______ limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to Na as well as KCL and impermeable to water.

Back 32

descending
Henle
ascending

Front 33

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the space occupied by the right lobe of the ++++ above it.

Back 33

liver

Front 34

The slit in the kidney that receives renal nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics and ureter is called the ______

Back 34

hilum

Front 35

A fibrous renal _____ immediately deep to the parietal peritoneum binds the kidney and associated organs to the abodominal wall.

Back 35

fascia

Front 36

The renal prarenchyma or the glandular tissue that forms the urine appears C shaped in the frontal section. It encircles a medial cavity, the renal ____ occupied by blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and urine collecting structures.

Back 36

sinus

Front 37

The parenchyma is divided into 2 zones: an outer renal ____ about 1 cm thick and an inner renal +++++ facing the sinus.

Back 37

cortex
medulla

Front 38

Extensions of the cortex are called renal +++++ project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6 to 10 renal ______.

Back 38

columns
pyramids

Front 39

Each pyramid is conical with a broad base facing the cortex and a blunt point called the renal ______facing the sinus.

Back 39

papilla

Front 40

One pyramid and the overlying cortex constitute one ++++ of the kidney.

Back 40

lobe

Front 41

The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus, which is a ball of ++++++and a 2 layered glomerular or ++++++ capsule.

Back 41

capillaries
Bowman's

Front 42

The 2 layers of Bowman's capsule: are the +++++ or outter layer of simple squamous epithelium and the visceral or inner layer of elaborate cells or ____wrapped around the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Back 42

parietal
podocytes

Front 43

Opposite sides of the renal corpuscle are the urinary and ++++ poles. the _____ arteriole enters at the vascular pole. At the urinary pole, is the renal tubule.

Back 43

vascular
afferent

Front 44

Glomeruli within each kidney filter blood that is received from the branches of the renal artery that are known as ++++++ arterioles.

Back 44

afferent

Front 45

The efferent arteriole leads to a plexus of peritubular capillaries, which form a network around the renal +++++

Back 45

tubule

Front 46

The renal tubule is a duct that leads away from the glomerular capsule and ends at the tip of a medullary pyramid. It is composed of 4 regions: the proximal convoluted tubule, ______ loop, distal ______ tubule, and collecting duct.

Back 46

nephron
convoluting

Front 47

The proximal convoluted tubule arises from the _______ capsule. It is the longest and most coiled. Simple cuboidal epithelium with ______ for absorption.

Back 47

glomerular
microvilli

Front 48

The nephron loop of Henle is a long U shaped portion of the renal tubule found mostly in the +++++. Forms the ______ loop and the ascending loop. The thick segments are simple cuboidal and form part of descending and all or part of ascending. Thick segments engaged in transport of +++++

Back 48

medulla
descending
salts

Front 49

The thick segment has a lot of ______. The thin segment is formed from simple squamous and forms the lower part of the descending loop of Henle. Permeable to ++++++

Back 49

mitochrondria
water

Front 50

The distal convoluted tubule begins shortly after the ascending tubule reenters the cortex. Shorter and less coiled. Cuboidal epithelium with no microvilli and at the ++++ of the nephron.

Back 50

end

Front 51

The cortex is the lighter and ______ region of kidney. Deep to the cortex, a darker and reddish brown color, the medulla is segregated into triangular regions that have a striped or striated appearance. They are called the renal ++++++. The base of each pyramid faces toward the cortex and the papilla or apex points toward innermost kidney.

Back 51

superficial
pyramids

Front 52

The renal columns are areas of tissue more like the cortex in appearance which segregate and dip inward between _______

Back 52

pyramids

Front 53

The renal pelvis is a flat basin like cavity continuous with the +++++. The larger extensions are the major and minor calyces.

Back 53

ureter

Front 54

The inner wall of the glomerular or Bowman's capsule are highly specialized cells called +++++++

Back 54

podocytes