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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kidney
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maintain the composition and volume of body fluids
-every 30min the total blood volume passes through the kidneys for waste removal. -nephrons remove end products of metabolism from the blood plasma and form urine |
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bladder
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smooth muscle sac
composed of 3 layers at base of bladder, teh middle circular layer of the muscle tissue forms the internal or involuntary sphincter, which guards the opening btwn the urinary bladder adn the urethra. |
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urethra
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convey urine from the bladder to the exterior.
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act of micturition
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process of emptying hte bladder.
nerve centers are situation in the brain and the spinal cord. stretch receptors in teh bladder are stimulated as urine collects- internal sphincter relaxes, and urine enters the posterior urethra. |
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urinary incontinence
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any involuntary loss of urine that causes a problem
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urinary retention
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urine is produced normally but is not excreted completely.
factors: medications, an enlarged prostate, or vaginal prolapse. |
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enuresis
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involuntary urination that occurs after an age when continence should be present
not seen as a problem until age 6. |
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effects of aging
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-diminished ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine results in nocturia.
-decreased bladder muscle tone may reduce the capacity to hold urine, resulting in frequency of urination. -decreased bladder contractility may lead to urin retention and stasis -neuromuscular problems, degenerative joint problems, alterations in thought processes, and weakness may interfere with voluntary control |
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nephrotoxic drugs
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capable of causing kidney damage. abuse of analgesics, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, some antibiotics...
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diuretics
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commonly used in teh treatment of hypertension prevent the reabsorption of water and certain electrolytes in teh tubules.
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anticoagulants
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may cause hematuria or a red colored urine
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oliguria
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scanty or greatly diminished amount of urine in a given time
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anuria
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technically no urine voided: kidney failure
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orthostatic albuminuria
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presence of albumin in urine that is voided after periods of standing, walking, or running; phenomenon of the cirulatory system and not necessarily a symptom of kidney disorder
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proteinuria
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albumin the urine; indication of kidney disease
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pyuria
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pus in the urine; urine appears cloudy
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urinary diversions
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the surgical creation of an alternate route for excretion of urine.
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stress incontinence
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involuntary loss related to an increasei n abdominal pressure during coughing, sneezing, laughing...
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urge incontinence
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associated with an abrupt and strong desire to void
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overflow incontinence
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involuntary loss of urine ass with overdistention and overflow of the bladder. signal may be underactive or absent, dribbling occurs.
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functional incontinence
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urine loss caused by factors outside the lower urinary tract. chronic impairments or physical or cognitive functioning.
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transient incontinence
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temporary reversible loss of bladder control.
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indwelling urethral catheter
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retention or foley catheters.
gradual decompression of an overdistended bladder, for intermittent bladder drainage/irrigation, and for continous bladder drainage. |
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intermittent catheter
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straight catheters, are used to drain the bladder for shorter periods (5-10 min).
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suprapubic catheter
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continuous drainage. surgically inserted through small incision above the pubic area.
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urologic stents
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when a pt has a urinary tract ovstruction and isn't a candidate for surgery,. stent may be temporary or permanent. Urologic stents relieve urinary obstruction and provide a path for the flow of urine.
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reasons for catheterization
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-relieve urinary retention
-obtain a sterile urine specimen -measure the postvoid residual PVR -urine specimen -emptying the bladder before, during, or after surgery -monitoring of critically ill pts. |