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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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stagnation of urine can predispose to
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infection
calculi |
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dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces assx with atrophy of the kidney
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hydronephrosis
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general clinical signs of obstructive uropathy
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pain
altered urine output |
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clinical signs of unilateral obstruction
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usually asymptomatic
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what is a cause of bilateral partial obstruction
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chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis
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clinical signs of small stones that pass into the ureter
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renal colic
hematuria |
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4 types of calculi
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calcium
struvite: Mg ammonium uric acid cystine |
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radiopaque calculi
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calcium
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radiolucent calculi
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uric acid
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most stones are which type
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calcium
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type of calculi caused by bacterial infection (proteus, staph)
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magnesium ammounium
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type of calculi that form staghorn shape
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magnesium ammonium phosphate
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type of calculi assx with gout
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uric acid
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type of calculi assx with a defect in renal absorption of amino acids
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cystine
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superior surface of the bladder
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dome
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anterosuperior surface of bladder
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apex
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posterior surface of bladder
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base
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point of insertion of the urachus and umbilical ligament
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apex
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part of bladder covered by peritoneum
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dome
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triangular region located at base of bladder
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trigone
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most distal portion of bladder that extends into the urethra
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bladder neck
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layers of tissue in the bladder
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mucosa (urothelium)
lamina propria muscularis propria (detrusor) adventitia |
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2 congenital abnormalities of the bladder
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diverticula
exstrophy |
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vestigial remnant of the connection of the bladder to the allatois (umbilicus)
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urachus
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patent urachus is a communicating duct between what
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umbilicus and bladder
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urachal cysts predispose to what
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adenocarcinoma of the bladder
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are systemic sx present in uncomplicated cystitis
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no
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most common bacterial cause of cystitis
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e. coli
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most common fungal cause of cystitis
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candida
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most common parasitic cause of cystitis
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schistosomiasis
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hemorrhagic cystitis is caused by what etiology
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adenovirus
cyclophosphamide |
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chemo drug that causes hemorrhagic cystitis
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cyclophosphamide
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what is interstitial cystitis
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chronic pelvic pain without infection
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clinical signs of interstitial cystitis
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recurrent suprapubic pain
hematuria urinary urgency |
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interstitial cystitis is more common in what population
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females
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what is malacoplakia
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special form of cystitis characterized by yellow plaques
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large foamy macrophages mixed with mulitnucleated giant cells and lymphocytes
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malacoplakia
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michaelis-gutman bodies are located where and indicative of what
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lysosomes of macrophages; malacoplakia
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bacterial cause of malacoplakia
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e. coli
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what is metaplasia
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epithelium changes from one mature form to another
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metaplastic changes in the urinary bladder that usually offers a beneficial protective feature
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transitional epithelium to columnar or squamous
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benign neoplasms of the urinary bladder
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urothelial papilloma
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two types of premalignant urothelial neoplasms
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papillary: PUNLMP
flat: urothelial carcinoma in situ |
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premalignant urothelial neoplasm that tends to be multifocal and more aggressive
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flat (carcinoma in situ CIS)
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malignant urothelial neoplasms
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papillary urothelial carcinoma (transitional cell carcinoma TCC)
flat assx with CIS |
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type of carcinoma
fibrovascular cores mildly disorganized pattern |
low grade papillary
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type of carcinoma
less organized mitotic figures |
high grade papillary
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bladder cancer assx with schistomiasis
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squamous cell carcinoma
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risk factors for bladder cancer
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smoking
2-naphtylamine cyclophosphamide |
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clinical signs of bladder cancer
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painless hematuria
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tx of small localized papillary tumors
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transurethral resection of the tumor (TURBT)
surveillance |
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chemotherapy for types CIS, high grade papillary TCC, multifocal tumors
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BCG (TB vaccine)
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tx for detrusor invading tumor
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cystectomy
chemo |
