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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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uniferous tubules
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urine compartment
bowman's capsule proximal and distal tubules collecting tubules |
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nephron
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functional unit of the kidney
renal corpuscle proximal and distal tubules |
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renal corpuscle
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bowman's capsule + glomerulus
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blood supply
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renal a, to interlobular a. to arcuate a. to interlobar a. to afferent arterioles
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glomerulus blood flow
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afferent arteriole - after entering bowmans capsule splits into 5 segments which subdivide into the glomerular capillary networks
efferent arteriole to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta |
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bowman's capsule
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parietal layer - outer layer, continuous with the PCT, simple squamous epithelium
urinary space visceral layer - closely surrounds the glomerulus, lines the cup podocytes on the basal lamina have primary foot processes that branch into pedicles filtration slits b/w the adjacent pedicles are spanned by a diaphragm consisting of nephrin anchored to pedicel intercellular actin filaments |
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congenital nephrotic syndrome
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mutation in the gene encoding nephrin results in protinurua
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Blood-urine (filtration) barrier
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1. glomerular capillary endothelial cells - fenestrated without diaphragms, EC coated with negative-charged glycoproteins that attract large anionic proteins, permeable to water, urea, glucose, small proteins
2. fused basal laminas of the capillary and visceral layer (podocytes) of bowman's capsule = GBM 3. pedicel filtration slit urine (filtrate) enters Bowman's capsular (urinary) space |
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Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)
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main physcial barrier of filtration
EM: central lamina densa with a lamina rara (electron-lucent) on either side Constituents: Type IV collagen, laminin, fibronectin, negatively-charged GAGs |
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mesangial cells
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within the basal lamina of glomerular capillaries and afferent and efferent capillaries
structural support phagocytic contractile: regulate blood flow through the glomerulus secrete GBM constituents secrete PGEs and growth factors found right in the basal lamina of theGBM |
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nephropathy classification
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diffuse: affects all glomeruli
focal: affect some glomeruli global: entire glomeruli is affected segmental: part of glomeruli is affected |
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pathology exhibited in response to disease/damage to renal corpusle
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swelling and/or proliferation of capillary EC
proliferation of podocytes and parietal layer of bowmans capsule (segmental proliferation creates crescents - mounds of cells that do not belong there, may obliterate urinary space) thickening of GBM proliferation of mesengial cells clinical proteinuria, hematuria, hypoalbumnemia, edema |
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glomerulonephritis
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most often due to the deposition of immune complexes or other material on the GBM
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membranous nephropathy
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deposit IgG and complements on the endothelial side of GBM, these get stuck, called DD, make it thick and leaky
primary - idiopathic secondary to some cancers, drugs, infections |
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IgA neuropathy
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deposit of IgA on GBM and in mesenagial cells, mesengial proliferation
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goodpastures syndrome
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affects kidneys and lungs
autoimmune, production of autoantibodies, to type IV collagen components, so u lose it and the GBM starts to break down and u have abnormal deposits |
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Alport's syndrome
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genetic mutation in genes coding for Type IV collagen
irregular GBM with splitting becomes like swiss cheese |
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systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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deposit of most autoantibodies and complement factors on the GBM
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diabetic glomerulosclerosis
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atherosclerosis of the renal vessels can lead to ischemia and infart
chronic infections - immune complexes come with this and deposit on the GBM thickening of GBM but filtration is inefficient leading to leakage of plasma proteins and fibrin deposits on the outer surface of the glomerulus and inner surface of parietal layer of bowman's capsule less blood to kidney, less O2 to kidney start to get necrosis |
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Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
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benign (essential) HTN: gradual thickening of TI of larger artery with TM hypertrophy, thickening of capillaries
malignant (accelerated) HTN: severe rapid rise in BP, causes acture necrosis of the small arteries and arterioles with abrupt cessation of blood supply to the nephrons |
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resorption
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substances are taken from the urine and put back in the blood
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tubular secretion
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didnt make it through the filtration, they are still in hte blood, but can be picked up by the tubule
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PCT
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simple cuboidal epithelium, large eosinophillic cells, apical microvillus brush border, it can be sheared off so it looks like fuzzy lumen,
lateral, tight junctions with interdigitations, start shaped bulging lumen basal inflodings w/ mito Functions: Absoprtion of water: aquaporin channels = transmembrane proteins that regulate water transport Absorptoin of substances lost from the blood during filtration: Na, K, Cl, glucose, aa, poylpeptides secretion of creatine and foreign substances |
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loop of henle
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maintains osmotic gradient in the interstitum
descending limb thick segment similar to PCT thin segment - is simple squamous, |
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DCT
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simple cuboidal epithelium
some apical microvilli basal inflodings and mitochondria Functions: concentration of urine, acid-base balance,absorb Na from urine and return it to the blood, when Na and BP are low stimm the renin/aldosterone secretion, ADH controls the DCT and CD permeability to water stain palers than PCT |
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Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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1. macula densa cells: sensitive to NaCl conc. in filtrate, mediates renin secretion from JG cells, very straight and closely packed together
2. JG cells: of the TM of afferent arterioles, synthesize and secrete renin, part of the apparutus 3. Extraglomerular mesengial cells: between the macula dense and the JG cells, and continous with the mesengial cells of the around the afferent and efferent arterioles, big role in contractile function in regulating bf into and out of the glomerulus |
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Collecting tubules and ducts
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simple cuboidal (medulla) to comlumnar epithelium (cortex)
converge into large papillary ducts that empty into the renal papilla have NO microvilli, NO basal infoldings, NO intercellular interdigitations |
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Kidney organization
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outer dense irregular CT capsule
Hilum - where ureters enter, blood vessels, and lymphatics, has an expanded portion called the renal pelvis Cortex medulla |
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cortex
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nephrons - cortical, juxtamedullary
renal corpusles, PCT and DCT only in the cortex medullary rays: collecting tubules and ducts and loops of henle cortical nephrons |
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medulla
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medullary pyramid drains into the minor calcyx
renal columns medullary pyramid and surround cortex = kidney lobule JA nephrons straight portions the PCT and DCT dip down here |
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Excretory ducts, urinary bladder and urethra
basic organization |
mucosa - transitional epithelium
muscular adventia or serosa |
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Calyces and Ureters
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muscularis - helical, appears as inner longitudinal, outer circular under LM
enter of ureter into bladde rwall creates a physiological valve that prevents urinary reflux |
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urinary bladder
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muscularis - helical, appears as criss-crossing bundles
neck of bladder - internal urinary sphincter lined with transitional epithelium |
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Female Urethra
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epithelium: transitional to stratified squamous
shorter than male passes through the UG diaphragm external urethral sphincter - formed by skeletal muscles of the diaphragm, voluntary |
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male urethra
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at the base of the bladder is prostate gland
prostatic urethra - inital portion of the urethra and surrounded by the prosate prostatic fducts and ejaculatory ducts membranous urethera - very short segment passes through the UG diaphragm penile urethra- has th emost variability in length, passes through the erectile tissue of the penis corpora spongiousum ducts of the bulbourethra glands epithelium - transitional to pseudostratifed columnar to stratifed squamous |
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tubule necrosis
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any disease that affects the afferent peritubular blood flow
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renal calculi
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kidney stones that ppt that can form either in the calcyes of the CD, urethers
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renal carcinomas
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adenocarcinomas, clear cell carcinoma
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bladder carcinoma
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urothelial carinoma - strong link with exposure to industrial chemical and cig smoking
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