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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the characteristics of the kidney?
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retroperitoneal structure
located in the extraperitoneal connective tissue lateral to the spinal column extend from T12-L3 vertebral levels right kidney is lower than the left kidney left kidney is larger and more slender than the right |
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what are the characteristics of the right kidney?
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right duperrenal gland covers superior pole
upper of anterior surface is against liver descending part of duodenum is retoperitoneal and contact kidney medially inferior pole is laterally associated with right colic flexure, and medially with small intestine (intraperitoneal) |
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what are the characteristics of the left kidney?
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superior pole is covered by left suprarenal gland, stomach and spleen
retroperitoneal pancreas covers mid part lower half is laterally associated with left colic flexure and medially with intraperitoneal jejunum |
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what are the characteristics of the posterior surface of the kidney?
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diaphragm
mm. transercsus abdominis, psoas major, quadratus lumborum ribs 11 and 12 subcoastal vessels and nerve ilio-hypogastric and ilio-inguinal nn. |
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what completely surrounds the kidney?
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perirenal fat (extraperitoneal)
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what surrounds the perirenal fat and encloses suprarenal glands?
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renal fascia
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what fascia has anterior and posterior layers fusing at the lateral margin of each kidney?
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renal fascia
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above the suprarenal gland, where does the renal fascia blend with the fascia of the diaphragm?
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anteriorly and posteriorly
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what renal fasicia fuses with connective tusse of arota and ivc medially?
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anterior renal fascia
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what renal fascia fuses with the fascia of the psoas major?
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posterior renal fascia
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what is enclosed by both anterior and posterior layers of renal fascia?
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ureter
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what accumulates posterior and posterolateral to each kidney?
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pararenal fat
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what artery supplies the kidney?
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renal artery
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where does the renal artery originate from?
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abdominal aorta
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for sympathetic innervation, what nerves innervate the kidney?
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T12-L2 segments of the spinal cord
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what vain drains the kidney?
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renal vein
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where does the renal vein originate from?
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IVC
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for parasympathetic innervation, what nerves innervate the kidey?
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both vagus and pelvic splanchnic
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what lymph nodes drain the kidney?
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lumbar
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what are the characteristics of the ureter?
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muscular tube for urine transportation
continuation of renal pelvis descends retroperitoneally from the kidney along the medial aspect of psoas major enters the pelvis by crossing the bifurcation of common iliac a. |
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what are the three sites of constriction of the ureter?
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uretero-pelvic jxn
pelvic inlet, where ureters cross common iliac aa entrance to bladder |
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what are the sources of blood supply to the ureter?
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Upper: renal a.
Middle: branches of abdominal aorta, gonal aa, and common iliac aa Pelvic Cavity: internal iliac a and its uterine or inferior vesical branches |
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what is the lymphatic drainage of the ureter?
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upper: lumbar nodes
middle: lymph nodes around common iliac a inferior: lymph nodes around external and internal iliac a |
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what innervates the ureter?
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sympathetic: T12-l2
parasympathetic: vagus and pelvic splanchnic n |
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what is anteriormost element of pelvic viscera?
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bladder
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what expands superiorly into thee abdomen when full?
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bladder
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what part of the bladder is directed toward the top of the pubic symphysis?
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apex of bladder
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what ligament connects the apex of the bladder to umbilicus?
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median umbilical ligament
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the median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what?
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uracus
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what is the shape of the base of the bladder?
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inverted triangle
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where does the ureter enter the bladder?
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upper corner
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where does the urethra drain from the bladder?
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inferiorly from the lower corder
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what type of lining is the the base of the bladder?
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smooth mucosal lining
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what is the trigonal area between the openings of ureters and ureathra?
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trigone
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what is the most inferior part of the bladder?
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bladder neck
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what surrounds the origin of the urethra?
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bladder neck
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what is stabilized by paired pubovesical and puboprostatic ligaments?
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bladder neck
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what begins at the base of the bladder?
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urethra
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how long is the urethra in females?
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4 cm
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what passes inferiorly through the pelvic floor into the perineum?
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urethra
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what goes through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane?
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urethra
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what opens in the vestibule between labia minora?
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urethra
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what opening is anterior to vaginal opening?
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urethral
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what glands open onto the lateral margin of external urethral orifice?
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paraurethral mucous glands - skenes glands
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how long is the urethra in males?
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20 cm
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what passes through the prostate, deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane?
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urethra
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what are the two bends in the urethra in the male?
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forward bend in the root of penis
inferior bend from root to the body of penis, when penis is flaccid |
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how many bends does the male urethra have?
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2
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what are the 4 parts to the male urethra?
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preprostatic
prostatic membranous spongy |
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what are the characteristics of the preprostatic part of the male urethra?
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extends from base of bladder to prostate
surrounded by internal urethral sphincter |
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what are the characteristics of the postatic part of the male urethra?
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3-4 cm long
surrounded by prostate connects with ejaculatory |
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what are the characteristics of the membranous part of the male urethra?
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narrow
passes through deep perineal pouch surrounded by sphincter urethrae |
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what are the characteristics of the spongy part of the male urethra?
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surrounded by corpus spongiosum
connects with bulbourethral glands terminates at external urethral orifice |
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what is the sympathetic innervation to the bladder?
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L1-L2
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what is the parasympathetic innervation to the bladder
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pelvic splanchnic n
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what is the blood supply to the bladder in both sexes?
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superior vesical a
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what is blood supply to the bladder in the male?
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superior vesical a
inferior vesical a |
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what is the blood supply to the bladder in the female?
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superior vesical a
vaginal a. |
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what is the most common urinary tract cancer?
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renal cell carcinoma
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what tumor spreads into the renal vein and may travel into the IVC and eventually to the heart?
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renal cell carcinoma
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what type of cancer is present from calices to urethra, and behaves as a single unit?
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transitional cell carcinoma
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what may indicate presence of similar tumors within upper parts of urinary tract?
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transitional cell carcinoma
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what is the most common tumor of urinary tract?
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bladder cancer
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what type of cancer may spread through the bladder wall and invade local structures?
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bladder cancer
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what type of cancer may spread to the prostate?
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bladder cancer
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what type of tumor may spread via internal iliac lymph?
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bladder cancer
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what type of cancer may invade and obstruct the ureter, leading to and obstruction of kidney and eventually kidney failure?
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bladder cancer
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what are small caliculi (stones) form in the kidney and travel down the ureter and into the bladder?
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bladder stones
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what stones obstruct the ureter?
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bladder stones
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what are insoluble salts that accumulate on small stones to form larger stones?
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bladder stones
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what can cause the emptying of the bladder to become difficult?
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bladder stones
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