• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/71

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what are the characteristics of the kidney?
retroperitoneal structure
located in the extraperitoneal connective tissue lateral to the spinal column
extend from T12-L3 vertebral levels
right kidney is lower than the left kidney
left kidney is larger and more slender than the right
what are the characteristics of the right kidney?
right duperrenal gland covers superior pole
upper of anterior surface is against liver
descending part of duodenum is retoperitoneal and contact kidney medially
inferior pole is laterally associated with right colic flexure, and medially with small intestine (intraperitoneal)
what are the characteristics of the left kidney?
superior pole is covered by left suprarenal gland, stomach and spleen
retroperitoneal pancreas covers mid part
lower half is laterally associated with left colic flexure and medially with intraperitoneal jejunum
what are the characteristics of the posterior surface of the kidney?
diaphragm
mm. transercsus abdominis, psoas major, quadratus lumborum
ribs 11 and 12
subcoastal vessels and nerve
ilio-hypogastric and ilio-inguinal nn.
what completely surrounds the kidney?
perirenal fat (extraperitoneal)
what surrounds the perirenal fat and encloses suprarenal glands?
renal fascia
what fascia has anterior and posterior layers fusing at the lateral margin of each kidney?
renal fascia
above the suprarenal gland, where does the renal fascia blend with the fascia of the diaphragm?
anteriorly and posteriorly
what renal fasicia fuses with connective tusse of arota and ivc medially?
anterior renal fascia
what renal fascia fuses with the fascia of the psoas major?
posterior renal fascia
what is enclosed by both anterior and posterior layers of renal fascia?
ureter
what accumulates posterior and posterolateral to each kidney?
pararenal fat
what artery supplies the kidney?
renal artery
where does the renal artery originate from?
abdominal aorta
for sympathetic innervation, what nerves innervate the kidney?
T12-L2 segments of the spinal cord
what vain drains the kidney?
renal vein
where does the renal vein originate from?
IVC
for parasympathetic innervation, what nerves innervate the kidey?
both vagus and pelvic splanchnic
what lymph nodes drain the kidney?
lumbar
what are the characteristics of the ureter?
muscular tube for urine transportation
continuation of renal pelvis
descends retroperitoneally from the kidney along the medial aspect of psoas major
enters the pelvis by crossing the bifurcation of common iliac a.
what are the three sites of constriction of the ureter?
uretero-pelvic jxn
pelvic inlet, where ureters cross common iliac aa
entrance to bladder
what are the sources of blood supply to the ureter?
Upper: renal a.
Middle: branches of abdominal aorta, gonal aa, and common iliac aa
Pelvic Cavity: internal iliac a and its uterine or inferior vesical branches
what is the lymphatic drainage of the ureter?
upper: lumbar nodes
middle: lymph nodes around common iliac a
inferior: lymph nodes around external and internal iliac a
what innervates the ureter?
sympathetic: T12-l2
parasympathetic: vagus and pelvic splanchnic n
what is anteriormost element of pelvic viscera?
bladder
what expands superiorly into thee abdomen when full?
bladder
what part of the bladder is directed toward the top of the pubic symphysis?
apex of bladder
what ligament connects the apex of the bladder to umbilicus?
median umbilical ligament
the median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what?
uracus
what is the shape of the base of the bladder?
inverted triangle
where does the ureter enter the bladder?
upper corner
where does the urethra drain from the bladder?
inferiorly from the lower corder
what type of lining is the the base of the bladder?
smooth mucosal lining
what is the trigonal area between the openings of ureters and ureathra?
trigone
what is the most inferior part of the bladder?
bladder neck
what surrounds the origin of the urethra?
bladder neck
what is stabilized by paired pubovesical and puboprostatic ligaments?
bladder neck
what begins at the base of the bladder?
urethra
how long is the urethra in females?
4 cm
what passes inferiorly through the pelvic floor into the perineum?
urethra
what goes through the deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane?
urethra
what opens in the vestibule between labia minora?
urethra
what opening is anterior to vaginal opening?
urethral
what glands open onto the lateral margin of external urethral orifice?
paraurethral mucous glands - skenes glands
how long is the urethra in males?
20 cm
what passes through the prostate, deep perineal pouch and perineal membrane?
urethra
what are the two bends in the urethra in the male?
forward bend in the root of penis
inferior bend from root to the body of penis, when penis is flaccid
how many bends does the male urethra have?
2
what are the 4 parts to the male urethra?
preprostatic
prostatic
membranous
spongy
what are the characteristics of the preprostatic part of the male urethra?
extends from base of bladder to prostate
surrounded by internal urethral sphincter
what are the characteristics of the postatic part of the male urethra?
3-4 cm long
surrounded by prostate
connects with ejaculatory
what are the characteristics of the membranous part of the male urethra?
narrow
passes through deep perineal pouch
surrounded by sphincter urethrae
what are the characteristics of the spongy part of the male urethra?
surrounded by corpus spongiosum
connects with bulbourethral glands
terminates at external urethral orifice
what is the sympathetic innervation to the bladder?
L1-L2
what is the parasympathetic innervation to the bladder
pelvic splanchnic n
what is the blood supply to the bladder in both sexes?
superior vesical a
what is blood supply to the bladder in the male?
superior vesical a
inferior vesical a
what is the blood supply to the bladder in the female?
superior vesical a
vaginal a.
what is the most common urinary tract cancer?
renal cell carcinoma
what tumor spreads into the renal vein and may travel into the IVC and eventually to the heart?
renal cell carcinoma
what type of cancer is present from calices to urethra, and behaves as a single unit?
transitional cell carcinoma
what may indicate presence of similar tumors within upper parts of urinary tract?
transitional cell carcinoma
what is the most common tumor of urinary tract?
bladder cancer
what type of cancer may spread through the bladder wall and invade local structures?
bladder cancer
what type of cancer may spread to the prostate?
bladder cancer
what type of tumor may spread via internal iliac lymph?
bladder cancer
what type of cancer may invade and obstruct the ureter, leading to and obstruction of kidney and eventually kidney failure?
bladder cancer
what are small caliculi (stones) form in the kidney and travel down the ureter and into the bladder?
bladder stones
what stones obstruct the ureter?
bladder stones
what are insoluble salts that accumulate on small stones to form larger stones?
bladder stones
what can cause the emptying of the bladder to become difficult?
bladder stones