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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why study urine?
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Readily available, easily collected, inexpensive, ultrafiltrate of plasma, dx of disease, fluid biopsy of kidney, and a "fountain of information"
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Urine formation
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Kidneys continuously form urine as an ultrafiltrate of plasma. 170,000mL of plasma converted to 1200mL urine (average daily output)
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Urine composition
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95% water, 5% solute. Organic solutes: urea (derived from metabolism of AA into ammonia), creatinine (derived from creatine), and uric acid (derived from catabolism of nucleic acid in food and cell destruction)
Inorganic: chloride (2nd high conc. after urea), sodium, and potassium Other substances: hormones, vitamins, medications |
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Oliguria
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Decrease in daily urine volume (less than 400mL/day in adults). D/t dehydration as a result of vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, and burns.
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Anuria
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No urine production. D/t kidney damage and decreased blood flow to kidneys.
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Nocturia
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Increase in night-time excretion of urine
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Polyuria
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Increase in daily urine volume (>2.5L/day in adults)
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Defect in pancreatic production of insulin or function of insulin. Increased glucose (not reabsorbed by kidneys, excreted in urine). Increased specific gravity
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Decreased ADH. H2O not reabsorbed. Decrease in specific gravity
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Criteria of chemical preservatives
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Bactericidal, inhibit urease, and preserve formed elements
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Fasted specimen
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Second morning. 2nd voided specimen after a period of fasting. Does not contain any metabolites from food injected prior to fasting. Recommended for glucose monitoring
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2-hour postprandial
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Collected 2 hours after eating. Diabetes mellitus. Monitors insulin therapy
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Glucose tolerance
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Collected with blood samples. Monitors glucose/ketones
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24 hour timed
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Measures exact amount of chemical (quantitative)
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Catheterized
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Sterile conditions, bacterial culture (not routine specimen)
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Midstream clean-catch
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Less contaminated than random urine. Preferred over catherterized (safe/less traumatic). Used for bacterial culture
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Suprapubic aspiration
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Needle to bladder. For bacterial culture (not routine specimen). Cytologic examinations.
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Three-glass collection
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Prostatic infection: will have WBC 10x higher than first specimen
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Unpreserved urine:
Color |
Modified/darkened. Oxidation or reduction of metabolites
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Unpreserved urine:
Clarity |
Decreased. Bacterial growth and precipitation of amorphous material
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Unpreserved urine:
Odor |
Increased. Bacterial multiplication or breakdown of urea to ammonia
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Unpreserved urine:
pH |
Increased. Breakdown of urea to ammonia by urease-producing bacteria/loss of CO2
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Unpreserved urine:
Glucose |
Decreased. Glycolysis and bacterial use
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Unpreserved urine:
Ketones |
Decreased. Volatilization and bacterial metabolism
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Unpreserved urine:
Bilirubin |
Decreased. Exposure to light/photo oxidation of biliverdin
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Unpreserved urine:
Urobilinogen |
Decreased. Oxidation of urobilin
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Unpreserved urine:
Nitrite |
Increased. Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria
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Unpreserved urine:
RBC/WBC/casts |
Decreased. Disintegration in dilute alkaline urine
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Unpreserved urine:
Bacteria |
Increased. Multiplication
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Random specimen
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Routine specimen
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First morning specimen
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Ideal screening specimen. Prevents false-negative pregnancy tests and evaluates proteinuria. Collected immediately on arising and sent to lab within 2 hours
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