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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute poverty
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the income level neceessary for basic subsistence
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affordable housing
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Shelter at a cost within the means of the indiv to pay that is safe and pleasant
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gentrification
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the conversion of a working-class or inner-city neighborhood into an area of middle-class residence
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panhandling
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requesting money for personal use in face-to-face manner from unfamiliar others without offering in exchange
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relative poverty
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a definition of poverty that considers community standards about the comforts of life that should be expected
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slum
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an area of a city identified by its deteriorating infrastructure and containing persons of low income
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urban renewal
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the destruction of older buildings that displaces people on low income by eliminating low cost shelter
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behavioural sink
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the growth of unusual behaviors under conditions of high density in Cahoun's experiment with rats
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crowding
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distress or discomfort resulting from an excessively high level of population density
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deviance service centre
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an area specializing in providing illegal goods and services, adjacent to another area that are openly regards them as disreputable
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economies of scale
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the idea that the production of large numbers of goods can be accomplished more efficiently (at a lower per-unit cost) than with smaller production
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non-linear relationship
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a statistically significant association where the best-fitting line of least squares is quadratic, cubic or some other departure from linearity
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re-urbanization
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an increasing proportion of a population inhabiting a settlement defined as urban within a region that previously had been experiencing a decline
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Rust Belt
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the area of the north-central and north-eastern US that specialized in steel production and manufacturing related to it, such as the auto industry and that experienced a severe economic downturn in the 1970s as a consequence of the ascendancy of Japanese heavy industry
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social pathology
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a catch-all term used by calhoun for the behaviours in the high-density pens of his experiment on rats. the behaviours included infanticide, aggression and sexual assault, asexuality, careless mothering and apparent depression
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specialization (and size)
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the idea that a large number of indivduals in interrelated specialized roles will be more efficient organizationally and produce a greater number and higher quality of goods and services than will relatively few individuals in more generalized roles
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vagrants
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persons who manage to survive without a fixed address or any visible means of employment apart from panhandling
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entrepreneurial governance
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the replacement of local gov't structures and procedures with a more fragmented system, including appointed special-purpose bodies, privatization of public services, and the introduction of a consumer model for the delivery of municipal services
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non-sexist city
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a paradigm of home, neighborhood and city that describes the physical, social and economic design of human settlements that would support rather than restrict the activities of employed women and their families
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social exclusion
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the syndrome of poverty and multiple deprivations that structure inequalities among urban residents, including locational advantages and disadvantages associated with housing and mobility, and access to public service and participation in local governance
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urban growth machines
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the networks of development interests, financiers, business elites and politicians that organize to support the economic growth of urban areas
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redlining
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lending institutions such as banks and insurance companies decline to make a loan on property in a specific area of the city or only do so on less than favourable terms, which leads the properties in the area to continue to depreciate
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Bilbao effect
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the imagined economic revitalization and iconic status that ensure for cities that build their own local versions of the Guffenheim Bilbao, an art museum in a Spanish port city designed by superstar architect Frank Gehry
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business improvement districts (BID)
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privately controlled administrative bodies with responsibilities for public functions such as street-cleaning and policing formerly carried out by municipal gov't departments and agencies
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crisis of accumulation
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what occurs when real estate financiers over invest in a particular urban sector, flooding the market and depressing profits. when this occurs, investors collectively shift to another location, leaving the original to decline
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escape from the city thesis
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an explanation fro american suburban growth in the 1950s and 1960s proposing that the middle class fled the central city in order to avoid contact with minority group migrants who were flooding into the cities of the Northeast in record numbers
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flexism
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industrial system characterized by small batch manufacturing runs, high-tech production, just-in-time product delivery and decentralized corporate organization
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urban growth machine
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a concept proposed by Molotch and Logan that depicts urban decision-making as dominated by a public-private coalition of elites who beleive that the best interests of their city and its residents are served by pursuing continuous and economic growth and development
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assessed value
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what municipal authorities decide is the value of property, to which a tax rate is applied. market value assessment is the choice that the assessed values reflect current value on the market
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capital expenditures
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the purchase of large expensive structures of infrastructure, the costs of which are spread over many years by borrowing and repayment
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consolidation/ amalgamation
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when provinical authorities combine two or more existing cities entity with a new structure of government
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operating budget
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funding for the ongoing costs of providing city services and facilities; paid for in the year incurred
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power structures
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the informal networks of influence on city policy and decision making
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tax rate
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the percentage of assessed value used to calculate the amount of property tax due in a given year
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two-tier municipal government
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the simultaneous activity of an upper level of gov't providing co-ordinated services over an area consisting of two or more municipalities and lower-level gov't for local needs and preferences for each of the constituent municipalities
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amalgamation
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a political and administrative process whereby two or more municipalities are merged into one entity. the process is as old as municipalities themselves. recent Quebec provinical legislation forced municipalities to merge and new larger municipalities were created in 2002. the decision concerned urban areas throughout the province, but became a divisive political issue chiefly in Mtl and Quebec regions. in 2004 referendums to demerge were organized, most of the former municipalities of the western part of Mtl decided for demerging, but only 2/ 13 in quebec chose to do so
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deindustrialization
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a deep change in economic structure whereby old industries are closed, owing to aging of equipment or relocation of plants to developing countries. in the process, local communities experiance stress because of job loss and the need to acquire new skills
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knowledge economy
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all economy is based on knowledge, but the term characterizes a recent trend in industrialized countries to replace manual occupations by intellectual occupations. more broadly, the expression means that advanced economies are driven by technological, organizational and social innovations, which are mainly based on scientific and technical knowledge
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