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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is co-production?
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The public working together with the government to accomplish a task or goal.
ex: teachers and parents are both responsible to educating children. |
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What was the message of the Federalist Papers, particularly #10?
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No happiness without liberty. No liberty without self-government. No self-government without constitutionalism. No constitutionalism without Morality. None of these can exist without stability and order.
Number 10 states why a Union is a safeguard against violence and damage. |
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Who was Alexis deTocqueville and what did he observe?
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He was a French politician in the 1800's, and he observed how in America, people take initiative and work together when they have a problem in their community.
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According to Putnam, what is Social Capital and why is it declining?
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It is the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other. It’s declining because of lack of civil participation.
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What is meant by the dual role of trust in a society?
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Trust is both a lubricant and a glue. It facilitates social interaction and cooperation, and holds society together.
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What are the steps of the policy making process?
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1) define the problem
2) formulate a policy 3) adopt the policy 4) implement the policy 5) evaluate the policy |
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What is enduring nature in respect to cities and what is an example?
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Cities can endure through changing cultures and nations as they come and go. Ex: Budapest, Istanbul, Mexico City.
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What is the MSA?
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Metropolitan Statistical Area: the core has at least 50,000 people. 15% of commuters work at the core, ‘suburbs’
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Why do cities develop where they do?
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Because they are located by: Natural harbors, access to roads, breakpoints, rivers and waterways
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What is a breakpoint? Importance?
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The point where the mode of transport must change, as from water to land.
Importance: because it provides more employment: manufacturing, milling, financing, and freight handling |
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What are the important factors of the process of urbanization?
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Transition from mainly agricultural jobs to nonagricultural.
Specialization of labor ‘the demographic transition’ Decentralization |
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What was the Industrial Revolution's importance to the growth of urban areas?
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An increase in agricultural productivity (output per worker)--an increase in food supply--enormous population growth
Less people working on farms--more people working in city Factory production created concentrations of employment--concentrations of residence |
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What are the three stages of Demographic Transition?
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Stage 1 - relatively stable population. High birth rates and high death rates.
Stage 2 – Increased food supply and improvements in public health allow people to live longer, with lower infant mortality—rapid population growth Stage 3 – Birthrates fall, so that both death and birth rates are low. |
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What is the replacement rate?
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2.1
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Trends of growth for urban America
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Simultaneously settling cities and farmlands, immigration and high birth rates, strategically founded cities to gain regional control
a. Living closer to work b. Suburbanization c. Highways |
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Different types of local governments
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Counties, Cities, Towns/townships, school districts and special districts.
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General purpose vs. special purpose
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General purpose can provide multiple services - counties, cities, towns/townships
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What is Dillon's Rule?
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Strict rule regarding local and state government; state always wins
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What is Home Rule?
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Local governments are allowed to pass their own ordinances without going through the state. Has more latitude than Dillon's Rule.
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What is incorporation?
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It’s how cities become entities. Ordinances that govern behavior within the city are passed and enforced.
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What is a charter?
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Establishes legal existence and scope of authority.
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What is the municipal code?
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Collections of codes and ordinances that exist within the city.
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What are the three types of municipal powers that cities have?
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Corporate: Perpetual succession, legal ability of the city to sue and be sued, and its ability to make contracts.
Government: Policing, taxing, and regulating commerce Proprietary: providing services and charging fees |
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What are the four types of governments?
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Mayor-council, council-manager, commission, and town-meetings.
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What is saliency?
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how an issue with the public can become an issue for the council, on their agenda.
Who cares and how much? Who, why, quantity and quality. |
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What are ad hoc groups?
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They arise for a cause or issue that they want resolve, and they later dissipate.
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Why are ad hoc groups effective?
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They have immediate impact because it is easier to gain access to political decision makers.
May be composed of people with relations with members of the council, council members constantly have contact with similar people to them, cannot be easily dismissed. Easy to identify who is in charge in small towns and cities Nonpartisanship |
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Dominant sources of tax for the federal government
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Personal income tax, payroll taxes, and corporate income tax
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Dominant sources of tax for state governments
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Sales tax, intergovernmental revenue, and personal income tax
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Dominant source of tax at the local government
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Intergovernmental revenue, property tax, and user fees
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What are intergovernmental transfers?
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Grants to cities from other sources, such as the state or federal government.
Revenues transferred from one government to another. |
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Where are some places that local governments obtain money that aren't through taxes?
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User fees, gambling/lotteries, and borrowing.
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What are the standards for tax policy?
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Equity-According to benefits received and according to ability to pay
Revenue Production- Is enough revenue generated for the needs of the system? Collectability - Can the tax be reasonably administered and collected? Economic Effects - Does that tax change business and individual economic behavior in a negative way? Political Feasibility |
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What are regressive and progressive taxes?
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Regressive, lower-income pay more in taxes. Sales tax, payroll-social security
Progressive - higher-income are taxed more - income and estate tax |
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What is the purpose of issuing bonds?
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so the project can be worked on and so that payments can be spread out over a period of time. User benefit equity
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What are the two types of bonds?
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General obligation - backed by the government.
Revenue - backed by revenues associated with the source, like toll roads |
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Ratings vs. Interest rates
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Higher ratings means lower interest rates because it's safer.
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Risk and return
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Higher risk will lead to a higher return.
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3 factors of total cost to government issuing bonds
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Principal, interest, and length of term.
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What is eminent domain?
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When the city takes property from a property owner, maybe without consent, but with due monetary compensation. Taken for either government use or for civic/public uses.
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Smart Growth
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Working to merge a vibrant community life with economic and environmental sustainability.
Ex: compact building designs, ‘walkable’ neighborhoods, variety of transportation, cost-effectiveness. |
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What is zoning?
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Tells what land can be used for what purposes.
Prevents too dense development Growth management – protects property owners Can produce a designed-desired outcome. But – can make land too spread out, may devalue property, may limit property owners and can limit or prohibit low-income groups |
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What is urban sprawl?
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Basically smart growth. Spreading out and making use of the land, especially to the center of the area and its neighboring areas
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Goals of planning?
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Health
Safety Circulation Efficient provision of public services Economic development Housing Downtown renewal Historic preservation Growth management/growth control Environmental quality |
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What are the tools of planning?
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Capital Investment – in infrastructure
Land use controls: i. subdivision regulations - Size of and space between lots, street widths, utility planning Zoning laws – land usage and its enforcement Site Plan Review - Often, certain developments (typically commercial or mixed-use) must meet overall design review |
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Natural Law vs. Natural Rights
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Natural Rights - Social contract
Natural Law - man is inherently social, and seeks relations with others. Law exists naturally to order interactions. The “State” exists to set bounds of interactions to direct man towards natural end. i. Two forms of power – force/coercion and authority/legitimacy |
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What are the three basic definitions of politics?
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Authoritative allocation of values for a society
Deciding who gets what, when, where and how What the government chooses to do and not do. |
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What are Kaufman’s Three Core Values?
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Revolution
Technical, nonpartisan competence Executive leadership |
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Eminent domain in terms of the fifth amendment
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Just compensation
i. For fair market value, if it can’t be decided it goes to the jury. |
