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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Urban Design
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The design of cities and neighborhoods: transportation, pedestrian orientation, climate.
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Urban Design Process
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1. Analysis
2. Synthesis 3. Evaluation 4. Implementation |
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Analysis: Gathering of Information
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Gathering of information on such items as land use, population, transportation, natrual systems, topography
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Analysis: Visual Survey
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Examines and identifies components of the city
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Analysis: Functional Analysis
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Examines the relationship of activities among the various land uses and the way they relate to circulation systems
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Analysis: Identification of Hard and Soft Areas
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Identifying the areas of the city that can be developed against those that cannot
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Synthesis
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Gathered data and the analysis of the problem is translated into proposals for action
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Evaluation
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Preliminary plans generated in the sythesis phase are compared with the original goals and problem definitions
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Implementation
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The strategy for actual financing and construction is devised, including studies and tools such as zoning ordinances
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Good Urban Design
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It enables people to move about in a free, safe, and pleasant way without major difficulty
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Replanning Suburbia: Neotradionalists
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Believe that too much planning is based upon the auto. Great emphasis is shifted to pedestrian friendly streets
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Transit Oriented Development
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A high-density area laid out so that every residential unit within it is within 10 minutes of a transit stop
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Edge City
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Has no single design philosophy; It is an evolving form of development based on a variety of economic forces
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Elements of an Edge City
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1. Has 5 million sq. ft. or more of leasable office space
2. 600,000 sq. ft. of leasable retail space 3. More jobs than bedrooms 4. Perceived as one place 5. Nothing like the city, more like bedrooms or cow pastures |
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Urban Renewal
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A program of Congress to eliminate substandard housing, revitalize city economies, construct good housing, reduce de facto segregation
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The Housing Question
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Most important issue in planning; Biggest single land use in most cities; Biggest problem is low income housing
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Trends in Urban Transportation
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1945: 133 million people, 25 million cars
1998: 273 million people, 132 million cars |
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Public Transportation
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Buses, subways, light rail, commuter rail; 38.9% paid for by fares
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Paratransit or Demand Response Systems
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Send a vehicle in response to a call; does not operate on fixed routes; has no fixed schedule
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Transportation Planning Process
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1. Estimating Trip Generation
2. Estimating Trip distribution 3. Estimating Model Split 4. Trip Assignment |
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Estimating Trip Generation
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The estimate of how many trips a given place will generate regardless of where those trips are destined
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Estimating Trip Distribuition
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Estimating how trips are to be distributed
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Estimating Modal Split
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Apportioning the modes of transporation to the determined destination between the available modes
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Trip Assignment
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Predicting how trips will be distributed between alternate routes from the same origin to the same destination
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Smart Highways
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Equipping roadways with sensing devices and computing equipment so as to permit instantaneous decision making that optimizes traffic flow
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Intelligent Vehicle Technology
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Radar and other distance-sensing devices combined with computing and control technologies permit building vehicles whose acceleration, braking, and steering are controlled automatically
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Economic Development Motives
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1. Employment
2. Property Tax Relief 3. Economic growth |
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Methods for Economic Growth
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1. Sales and Promotion
2. Subsidization 3. Making Sites and Buildings Available |
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Sales and Promotions
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Engaging in public relations, advertising, selling and marketing efforts
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Subsidization
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Done through tax abatement, revolving loan funds, reductions in sales and property taxes; waiving some land-use regulations
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Making Sites and Buildings Available
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Using public funds to prepare land to be leased or sold to long-term firms
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Economic Growth Planning Steps
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1. Needs Assessment
2. Market Evaluation 3. Assessment of the consequences of an Economic Development plan |
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Needs Assessment
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Deciding the purpose for an Economic Growth Plan
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Assessment of the consequences of an Economic Development Plan
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Anticipating and planning for the fiscal, traffic flow, environmental, and housing effects of a plan
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Plan Formulation
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Advertising, plan for use of subsidies, program of capital investments, land-use element, and periodic review and update
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Growth Management
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The regulation of the amount, timing, location, and character of development
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Growth Management Systems
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Very close and long term coordination between land use controls and captial investments
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Growth Control
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Growth is not only to be managed or guided but also limited
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Winners of Growth Management
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Homeowners, owners of rental property, owners of developed property
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Losers of Growth Management
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Renters, non-residents of municipality, builders, construction workers, real estate agents/brokers
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Smart Growth
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A set of issues relating to suburban sprawl; getting around, lack of function open space; traffic congestion; land use controls, tax policy
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Sustainable Development
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Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Environmental Quality
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Planning for development that does not degrade the quality of environment from one time period to the next
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Social Equity
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Greater equality and of wealth and more opportunity for poorer and less-advantaged people
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Economic Development
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The goal of growing average wealth than it being stable
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Environmental Planning Problems
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1. Lack of understanding
2. Problems do not respect political boundaries 3. One solution causes another problem 4. Can arouse strong emotions and produce political conflict |
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Process of NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act)
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1. Prepare Environmental Assessment
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Enviornmental Assessment
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Describes a project and includes discussion of the need, enviornmental impact, a listing of persons and agencies consulted
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Environmental Impact Statement
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Generated after the EA and identifies which agencies will be involved and what is to be done
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Regional Planning Issues
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1. Transportation
2. Water supply, sewers and sewage treatment and solid waste disposal 3. Air Quality 4. Parks, outdoor recreation, and open space 5. Economic Development 6. Housing |
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Transporation
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Needed for people who cross municipal boundaries to work, shop, socialize, entertian, etc.
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Water Supply, Sewers, and Sewage Treatment and Solid Waste Disposal
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Must be designed with regard to topography and hydrology. Multijurisdictional plants may be more effective for smaller communities
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Air Quality
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Cooperative action within the metropolitan area to work together to improve this
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Parks, Outdoor Recreation, Open Spaces
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Another multijurisidictional effort to provide more of their share of these
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Economic Development
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Approaching this regionally vs. municipally may achieve marketing economies of scale
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Housing
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Because employment growth in one municpality affects housing demands in others, this is a regional as well as a local issue.
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Authority
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An organization that is generally created by state governments or in some cases by the joint action of two or more state governments.
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Interstate Highway System
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Largest construction project in human history
Federal Aid Road Act 1916 |
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Federal Aid Highway Act 1956
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Provided Uniform design standards, funding standards, administrative procedures, and created a highway trust fund
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Federal Housing Administration
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Small fund collected from each borrower. The fund reimbursed banks should the borrower default on the mortgage.
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Fannie Mae FNMA
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Created to buy mortgages from the bank, thus converting the mortgage into cash
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