Urban Design Final

Front 1

What ways were earlier cities transferred to the new world?

Back 1

-Most new city designs use a combination of Baroque and Grid
-Detroit - very Baroque - triviums
-Utopian plans (cairo), but over time would evolve to grid plan (1837-1856)
-San diego was very baroque w/ grid plan + long boulevards
-Huge emphasis on large public spaces

Front 2

How were cities transformed during the Industrial Revolution?

Back 2

-Cities were viewed as a battleground, a daily fight to survive
-began with no limit to amount of Looms - 1809
-saw a huge forced population increase - work
_Mumford 3 Political bases
-abolition of medieval gilds+permanent state of insecurity for working class
-establishment of competitive open market of labor + sale of goods
- colonialism for raw materials + ready markets
-Mine (coal), factory (iron), railroads
-connected cities in new ways -> increase scale (railroad 1830 machester to Liverpool) 10x faster 28mph

Front 3

How did urban designers try to improve the dreadful aspects of the city?

Back 3

-City beautiful movement- response to crowding tenements
-Worlds columbian exposition 1893 - 500 anniversary of columbus
-white city, uniform cornice, modern transport
-Daniel Burnham
- "Garden city" - london, planning of newer suburbs in London
-A.J. Downing- building cottage houses in countryside, home w/ feeling

Front 4

What roles have city designers played in the way cities have transformed in the 1900's?

Back 4

-Focused on two things (planning for public health, planning for transportation)
i.e. - Le Corbusier's tower city - emphasis on plan and transport over practicality and function
-1916 zoning ordinance - separation of uses - setback of skyscrapers (residential, commercial, unrestricted)
-Antonio Sant 'Ella- 1900's futurist -stressed industrial cities and buildings
-Brazil - Brasilia - Oscar Niemeyer - 1957 - complete in 4 years - Huge scale, completely automobile dependent w/ large parking lots

Front 5

How has transportation affected city design?

Back 5

-Cities were originally compact and restricted to walking
- In almost everyway, however the most important is scale
-Train- 10x faster 28mph scale- first intercity train - 1830 manchester->liverpool
-cities would expand along the railroad (chicago)
-became multi-nodal

-Ford model T 1908 - mass produced and affordable
-changed the way cities were designed - automobile dependent because the scale would grow so rapidly
-dispersed urban land development patterns (sprawl)
-1916 federal highway act - public money for private entity
-would lead to suburbia - highway congestion - large expansion of urban areas
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Front 6

What has modernist sensibility done to modern cities?

Back 6

-increased automobile dependency
-increased scale both upward and outward (sprawl + skyscrapers)
- supports sprawl and single use zoning ordinances
-emphasizes the seduction of the plan

Front 7

How has the city as a work of art degraded in the past 2 centuries?

Back 7

Cities are being built at tremendous scales that were impossible before the industrial revolution
- cities have greatly expanded well beyond pedestrian scale as a result of modern inventions (train, car)
-no uniformity in building heights, style, cornice levels
-architecture has become much more emotionless
-'rem koolhaas' - ' the strip ' absurd massing that runs for miles in london, extremely ugly
-large scale freeways to account for urban sprawl has caused tremendous amounts of congestion during travel hours