Upperlimb

Front 1

How many phalanges are there total

Back 1

14

Front 2

Number of carpals total

Back 2

8

Front 3

How many metacarpals are there (palm)

Back 3

5

Front 4

What are the two portions of the thumb

Back 4

proximal phalnx
distal phalnx

Front 5

The three portions of each finger (second through fifth digits are the:

Back 5

proximal phalnx
middle phalnx
distal phalnx

Front 6

The three parts of each phalnx, starting distally, are the:

Back 6

head, body (shaft), base

Front 7

The three parts of each metacarpal, starting proximally:

Back 7

base, body, head

Front 8

The name of the joint between the promixal and distal phalanges of the first digit is the:

Back 8

interphalangeal joint

Front 9

The joints between the metacarpals and phalanges are the:

Back 9

metacarpophalangeal (mc)

Front 10

What is the largest of the carpal bones?

Back 10

capitate

Front 11

What is the name of the hook like process extending anteriorly from the hamate

Back 11

hamulus

Front 12

What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone

Back 12

scaphoid

Front 13

In the anatomic position, which of the bones of the forearm is located on the lateral(thumb) side

Back 13

radius

Front 14

Which of the bones of the forearm is located on the medial side

Back 14

ulna

Front 15

The trochlear notch is part of what structure

Back 15

ulna

Front 16

The radial notch is part of what structure

Back 16

ulna

Front 17

The olecranon fossa is part of what structure

Back 17

distal humerus

Front 18

The trochlea is part of what structure

Back 18

distal humerus

Front 19

The coronoid tubercle is part of what structure

Back 19

ulna

Front 20

The coronoid process is part of what structure

Back 20

ulna

Front 21

The olecranon process is part of what structure

Back 21

ulna

Front 22

The coronoid fossa is part of what structure

Back 22

distal humerus

Front 23

Which two joints of the forearm allow it to rotate during pronation

Back 23

proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Front 24

The articular portion of the medial aspect of the distal humerus is called the

Back 24

trochlea

Front 25

The similar structure found on the lateral aspect of the distal humerus is called the

Back 25

capitulum

Front 26

The deep depression located on the posterior aspect of the distal humerus is the

Back 26

olecranon fossa

Front 27

What joint movement type does the interphalangeal have

Back 27

ginglymus

Front 28

What joint movement type does the carpometacarpal of the first digit have

Back 28

sellar

Front 29

what joint movement type does the elbow joint (humeroulnar and humeroradial) have

Back 29

ginglymus

Front 30

What joint movement type does the metacarpophalangeal of the second to fifth digits have

Back 30

ellipsoidal

Front 31

What joint movement type does the radiocarpal have

Back 31

ellipsoidal

Front 32

What joint movement type does the intercarpal have

Back 32

plane

Front 33

what joint movement type does the elbow joint have

Back 33

ginglymus

Front 34

what joint movement type does the proximal and distal radioulnar joint have

Back 34

trochoidal

Front 35

Ellipsoidal joints are classified as freely moveable or _______ and allow movement in ___ directions

Back 35

diarthrodial, 4

Front 36

What ligament of the wrist extends from the styloid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium bones

Back 36

radial collateral ligament

Front 37

What is the name of the two special turning or bending positions of the hand and wrist that demonstrate medial and lateral aspects of the carpal region

Back 37

ulnar deviation, radial deviation

Front 38

Which deviation is commonly performed to detect a fracture of the scaphoid bone

Back 38

ulnar deviation

Front 39

How does the forearm appear radiographically if pronated for a pa projection

Back 39

the proximal radius crosses over the ulna

Front 40

The two important fat stripes or bands around the wrist joint are the

Back 40

scaphoid fat stripe, posterior fat stripe

Front 41

The fat pads around the elbow joint are valuable diagnostic indicators if the following three technical/positioning requirements are met with the lateral position

Back 41

elbow flexed 90 degrees, optimal exposure techniques used, in a true lateral position

Front 42

true/false: if the elbow is flexed correctly at 90 degrees the posterior fat pad is visible if pathologic elbow trauma is present

Back 42

true

Front 43

true/false: Trauma or infection makes the anterior fat pad more difficult to see on a lateral elbow radiograph

Back 43

false

Front 44

which projections best demonstrate the scaphoid fat pad

Back 44

posteroanterior and oblique wrist

Front 45

which projection best demonstrates the posterior fat stripe

Back 45

lateral wrist

Front 46

what kilovoltage range is most commonly used for upper limb radiography

Back 46

50-70

Front 47

should you use long or short exposure time for upper limb radiography

Back 47

short

Front 48

should you use a small or large focal spot for upper limb radiography

Back 48

small

Front 49

what is the common minimum source image receptor distance for upper limb radiography

Back 49

40

Front 50

grids are used in upper limb radiography if the body part measures more than __cm

Back 50

10

Front 51

type of intensifying screens most commonly seen in upper limb radiography

Back 51

detail screens

Front 52

how much should you increase the kv for small to medium dry plaster casts

Back 52

5-7 kv

Front 53

how much should you increase the kv for large plaster casts

Back 53

8-10 kv or 100 percent millamperage seconds

Front 54

for fiberglass casts how much should you increase kv and millamperage seconds

Back 54

3-4 kv, 25-30 percent

Front 55

in correctly exposed upper limb radiographys you can visualize ___margins and ___markings of all bones

Back 55

soft tissue, trabecular

Front 56

The general rule for collimation of upper limb radiography states:

Back 56

collimation borders should be visible on all four sides if the ir is large enough to allow w/o cutting off anatomy

Front 57

what factors help control distortion during upper limb radiography

Back 57

40 to 44 inches sid, minimal object image receptor distance (oid), correct central ray placement, use of small focal spot

Front 58

true/false: guardians of young pediatric patients who are having upper limb studies can be asked to hold their child during a radiographic study

Back 58

true

Front 59

___is a radiographic procedure that uses contrast media injected into the joint capsule to visualize soft tissue pathology of the wrist, elbow, and shoulder joints

Back 59

arthrography

Front 60

what is the basic positioning routine for the second through fifth digits of the hand

Back 60

pa, pa oblique, and lateral

Front 61

how much of the metacarpals should be included for pa projection of the digits

Back 61

distal half of the metacarpals

Front 62

list the two radiographyic criteria used to determine whether roatation is present on the pa projection of the digits

Back 62

symmetic appearance of both sides of the shafts of phalanges and distal metacarpals, equal amounts of tissue on each side of the phalanges

Front 63

identify which positioning modification may be used for a study of the second digit to improve defination for the following: pa oblique projection

Back 63

medial oblique instead of lateral oblique to decrease oid

Front 64

what positioning modification may be used for a study of the second digit to improve difination for each of the following: lateral position

Back 64

thumb down lateral (mediolateral) to decrease oid

Front 65

where is the central ray centered for a pa oblique projection of the second digit

Back 65

pip joint

Front 66

why is it important to keep the affected digit parallel to the image receptor for the pa oblique and lateral projections

Back 66

to prevent distortion of the phalanx, to prevent distortion of the joints, to demonstrate small, nondisplaced fractures near the joint

Front 67

why is the ap position of the thumb recommended instead of the pa

Back 67

ap position produces a decrease in oid and increases resolution

Front 68

which projection of the thumb is achieved naturally by placing the palmar surface of the hand in contact with the cassette

Back 68

pa oblique

Front 69

which ir size should be used for a thumb routine

Back 69

8 x 10

Front 70

a sesamoid bone is frequently found adjacent to the ___ joint of the thumb

Back 70

metacarpalphalangeal

Front 71

True/False: the entire metacarpal and trapezium must be demonstrated on all projections of the thumb

Back 71

true

Front 72

where is the central ray centered for an ap projection of the thumb

Back 72

first metacarpophalangeal joint

Front 73

a bennets fracture involves

Back 73

base of first metacarpal

Front 74

which special positioning method can be performed to demonstrate a bennetts fracture

Back 74

modified robert's method

Front 75

which central ray angulation is required for the modified roberts method

Back 75

15 degrees proximal

Front 76

where is the central ray centered for a pa projection of the hand

Back 76

third mcp joint

Front 77

a minimum of ___ inches of the forearm should be included radiographically for a pa projection of the hand

Back 77

one

Front 78

true/false: some superimposition of the distal third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals is expected with a well positioned pa oblique projection of the hand

Back 78

true

Front 79

which perferred lateral position of the hand best demonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimposition

Back 79

fan lateral

Front 80

which lateral projection of the hand best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand

Back 80

lateral in extension

Front 81

what is the proper name for the position referred to as the ball catchers position

Back 81

norgaard position

Front 82

the ball-catchers position is commonly used to evaluate for early signs of

Back 82

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 83

the elbow generally should be flexed ___ for the basic positions of the wrist

Back 83

90

Front 84

how much rotation is required for an oblique projection of the wrist

Back 84

45

Front 85

which alternative projection to the routine pa wrist best demonstrates the intercapal joint spaces and wrist joint

Back 85

ap projection with the hand slightly arched

Front 86

which positioning error is involved if significant aspects of the third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals are superimposed in an oblique wrist projection

Back 86

excessive lateral rotation from the pa

Front 87

which fracture is not demonstrated in a wrist routine

Back 87

pott

Front 88

during the pa axial scaphoid projection with central ray angle and ular flexion, the central ray must be angled how much

Back 88

10-15 degrees proximally

Front 89

how much are the hand and wrist elevated from the ir for the modified stecher method

Back 89

twenty degrees

Front 90

how much central ray angulation to the long axis of the hand is required for the carpal canal (tunnel) projection

Back 90

25-30 degrees

Front 91

which special projection of the wrist best demonstrates the interspaces on the ulnar side of the wrist between the lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, and hamate bones

Back 91

pa projection with radial deviation

Front 92

which special projection of the wrist helps rule out abnormal calcification in the capal sulcus

Back 92

carpal canal or gaynor-hart projection

Front 93

how much central ray angulation from the long axis of the forearm is required for the carpal bridge (tangential) projection

Back 93

45 degrees

Front 94

what is the approximate difference in mrad between skin and midline doses for the hand and wrist

Back 94

no difference

Front 95

fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius

Back 95

barton's fracture

Front 96

most common type of primary malignant tumor occuring in bone

Back 96

multiple myeloma

Front 97

reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue

Back 97

osteoporasis

Front 98

sprain or tear of the ulnar collateral ligament

Back 98

skiers thumb

Front 99

an abnormality of the cartilage affecting long bones

Back 99

achondroplasia

Front 100

transverse fracture extending through the distal aspect of the metacarpal neck

Back 100

boxers fracture

Front 101

hereditary condition marked by abnormally dense bone

Back 101

osteoperosis

Front 102

transverse fracture of the distal radius with posterior displacement of the distal fragment

Back 102

colles fracture

Front 103

this disease appears on radiograph as narrowing of joint space with periosteal growths on the joint margins

Back 103

osteoarthritis

Front 104

this disease appears on radiograph as fluid-filled joint space with possible calcification

Back 104

bursitis

Front 105

this disease appears on radiograph as possible calcification in carpal sulcus

Back 105

carpal tunnel syndrome

Front 106

this disease appears on radiographs as soft tissue swelling and loss of fat pad detail visibility

Back 106

osteomyelitis

Front 107

this disease appears on a radiograph as mixed areas of sclerotic and cortical thickening along with radiolucent lesions

Back 107

osteopetrosis

Front 108

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: advanced pagets disease

Back 108

increase

Front 109

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: joint effusion

Back 109

leave the same

Front 110

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: advanced rheumatoid arthritis

Back 110

decrease

Front 111

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: osteoporosis

Back 111

decrease

Front 112

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: osteopetrosis

Back 112

increase

Front 113

for this condition would you increase, decrease, or leave the same exposure factors: bursitis

Back 113

remain the same

Front 114

what basic projections are required for a study of the forearm

Back 114

ap and lateral

Front 115

true/false: for a forearm study the technologist needs to include only the joint closest to the site of injury

Back 115

false

Front 116

to properly position the patient for an ap projection of the elbow, the epicondyles must be ___ to the ir

Back 116

parallel

Front 117

if the patient cannot fully extend the elbow for an ap projection, which alternative projection should be performed

Back 117

two ap projections one with humerus parallel to ir and one of forearm parallel to ir

Front 118

which basic projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head, neck, and tuberosity without any superimposition of the ulna

Back 118

ap oblique with 45 degree lateral rotation

Front 119

true/false: gonadal shielding is not required for upper limb radiography if the patient can sit upright for these exams

Back 119

false

Front 120

which projection of the elbow best demonstrates the coronoid process in profile

Back 120

ap oblique with 45 degree medial rotation

Front 121

the best position to evaluate the posterior fat pads of the elbow joint

Back 121

lateral, flexed 90 degrees

Front 122

which special projection of the elbow should be performed instead of the basic ap if the patients elbow is tightly flexed and cannot be extended at all

Back 122

two projections central ray perpendicular to humerus and central ray perpendicular to forearm

Front 123

how much is the upper limb rotated for a lateral (rotation) oblique projection of the elbow

Back 123

45 degree laterally

Front 124

what is the proper name for the acute flexion projection of the elbow

Back 124

jones method

Front 125

how much and in which direction should the central ray be angled for the coyle method involving the coronoid process

Back 125

45 degree away from shoulder

Front 126

what is the only difference among the four radial head lateral projections of the elbow

Back 126

the rotational position of hand and wrist

Front 127

what is the skin dose for the pa finger

Back 127

5 mrad

Front 128

what is the skin dose for the ap forearm

Back 128

25 mrad

Front 129

what is the skin dose for the lateral humerus

Back 129

30 mrad

Front 130

what is the skin dose for the lateral hand

Back 130

15 mrad

Front 131

what is the skin dose for the carpal canal wrist

Back 131

20 mrad

Front 132

what is the skin dose for the pa hand

Back 132

10 mrad

Front 133

a three projection study of the hand was taken using the following exposure factors: 64 kv, 1000 ma, 1/100 second, large focal spot, 36 inch sid, and high speed screens. which of these factors should be changed on future hand studies to produce more optimal images

Back 133

small focal spot, 40 inch sid, and detail screens

Front 134

a radiograph of a pa oblique projection of the second digit reveals that the midshafts of the fourth and fifth metacarpals are superimposed. what specific positioning error is involved

Back 134

excessive lateral rotation

Front 135

in a radiographic study of the forearm, the proximal radius crossed over the ulna in the frontal projection. which specific positioning error led to this radiographic outcome

Back 135

pa forearm projection was performed rather than ap

Front 136

structures shown on pa finger

Back 136

distal, middle, proximal phalanges; distal metacarpal and associated joints

Front 137

structures shown pa oblique medial or lateral rotation finger

Back 137

45 degree oblique view of distal, middle, proximal phalanges, distal metacarpal, associated joints

Front 138

lateral lateromedial or mediolateral finger

Back 138

lateral views of distal, middle, and proximal phalanges, distal metacarpal, associated joint

Front 139

ap thumb

Back 139

distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints, ip and mcp joints should appear open

Front 140

pa oblique thumb

Back 140

distal and proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium, and associated joints are visualized in a 45 degree oblique

Front 141

lateral thumb

Back 141

distal, proximal phalanges, first metacarpal, trapezium (superimposed), associated joints

Front 142

ap thumb (modified roberts method)

Back 142

first cmc joint without superimposition, base of first metacarpal and trapezium

Front 143

pa hand

Back 143

about 1 inch of distal forearm, demonstrates oblique view of thumb

Front 144

pa oblique hand

Back 144

oblique projection of entire hand and wrist, 1 inch of distal forearm

Front 145

fan lateral-lateromedial hand

Back 145

entire hand and wrist 1 inch of distal forearm

Front 146

lateral in extension and flexion-lateromedial hand

Back 146

hand and wrist 1 inch of distal forearm, thumb should appear slightly obliqued with no superimposition, joint spaces open

Front 147

ap oblique bilateral hand (norgaard method, ball-catchers position)

Back 147

both hands from carpal area to tips of digits in 45 degree oblique position

Front 148

pa wrist

Back 148

midmetacarpals and proximal metacarpals, carpals, distal radius, ulna, associated joints, pertinant soft tissues of the wrist joint such as fat pads and fat stripes

Front 149

pa oblique, lateral rotation

Back 149

distal radius, ulna, carpals, and at least to mid-carpal area, trapezium and scaphoid with only slight superimposition of other carpals on their medial aspects

Front 150

lateral-lateromedial projection wrist

Back 150

distal radius and ulna, carpals, the mid-metacarpal area

Front 151

pa and pa axial scaphoid with ulnar deviation-wrist

Back 151

distal radius and ulna, carpals, proximal metacarpals, scaphoid should be demonstrated clearly without foreshortening with adjacent carpal interspaces open (evidence of cr angle)

Front 152

pa scaphoid, hand elevated and ulnar deviation wrist

Back 152

distal radius and ulna, carpals, proximal metacarpals, carpals are visible with adjacent interspaces more open on the lateral(radial) side of the wrist , scaphoid is shown without foreshortening or superimposition of adjoining carpals

Front 153

pa projection-radial deviation wrist

Back 153

distal radius and ulna, carpals, proximal metacarpals, carpals are visible with adjacent interspaces more open on the medial (ulnar) side of the wrist

Front 154

carpal canal (tunnel) tangential, inferosupior projection wrist

Back 154

carpals are demonstrated in a tunnel-like, arched arrangement

Front 155

carpal bridge-tangential projection wrist

Back 155

a tangential view of the dorsal aspect of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum are visible, an outline of the capitate and trapezium superimposed is visible

Front 156

ap forearm

Back 156

ap of the entire radius and ulna, with a minimum of proximal row carpals and distal humerus, pertinant soft tissues such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints

Front 157

lateral-lateromedial projection forearm

Back 157

lateral projection of entire radius and ulna, proximal row of carpal bones, elbow, and distal end of the humerus, pertinant soft tissue such as fat pads and stripes of the wrist and elbow joints

Front 158

ap elbow

Back 158

distal humerus, elbow joint space, proximal radius and ulna

Front 159

ap projection elbow

Back 159

distal humerus is best visualized on humerus parallel position and proximal radius and ulna on forearm parallel projection

Front 160

ap oblique -lateral (external) rotation elbow

Back 160

oblique projection of the distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna is visible

Front 161

ap oblique-medial (internal) rotation elbow

Back 161

oblique view of distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna

Front 162

lateral-lateromedial projection-elbow

Back 162

lateral projection of distal humerus and proximal forearm, olecranon process, soft tissues and fat pads of elbow joint

Front 163

ap projections of elbow in acute flexion (jones method) - proximal humerus

Back 163

forearm and humerus should be directly superimposed, medial and lateral epicondyles and parts of trochlea, capitulum, olecranon process should be seen in profile

Front 164

ap projection elbow in acute flexion (jones method)- distal forearm

Back 164

proximal ulna and radius, outline of radial head and neck should be visible through superimposed distal humerus

Front 165

trauma axial laterals-axial lateromedial projection (coyle method)

Back 165

joint space between radial head and capitulum should be open and clear, radial head, neck and tuberosity should be seen in profile and free of superimposition except for a small part of the coronoid process

Front 166

radial head laterals-lateromedial projection-elbow

Back 166

elbow flexed 90 degrees in true lateral as evidenced by direct superimposition fo epicondyles, radial head and neck should be partially superimposed by ulna but completely visualized in profile in various projections, radial tuberosity should be visualized

Front 167

ap humerus

Back 167

ap projection of entire humerus, including shoulder and elbow joints

Front 168

rotational lateral-lateromedial or mediolateral projections-humerus

Back 168

lateral projection of entire humurus including elbow and shoulder jointsq

Front 169

trauma horozontial beam lateral-lateromedial humerus

Back 169

lateral projection of the mid and distal humerus including elbow joint, distal two-thirds of humerus

Front 170

transthoracic lateral-humerus (trauma)

Back 170

lateral view of entire humerus and glenohumeral joint should be visualized through the thorax without superimposition of the opposite humerus

Front 171

ap projection-external rotation shoulder (nontrauma)

Back 171

ap projection of proximal humerus and lateral two-thirds of clavicle and upper scapula, including relationship of humeral head to glenoid cavity

Front 172

ap projection-interal rotation-shoulder (nontrauma)

Back 172

lateral view of proximal humerus and lateral two-thirds of clavicle and upper scapula including relationship of humeral head to the glenoid cavity

Front 173

inferosuperior axial projections shoulder nontrauma (lawrence method)

Back 173

lateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to the scapulohumeral cavity, coracoid process of scapula and lesser tubercle of humerus seen in profile, spine of scapula will be seen in edge below scapulohumeral joint

Front 174

superoinferior pa transaxillary projection: shoulder nontrauma (hobbs modification)

Back 174

lateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to the glenohumeral articulation, coracoid process of scapula is seen on end

Front 175

inferosuperior axial projection: shoulder (nontrauma)

Back 175

lateral view of proximal humerus in relationship to the scapulohumeral cavity

Front 176

posterior oblique position-glenoid cavity shoulder (nontrauma) (grashey method)

Back 176

glenoid cavity should be seen in profile without superimposition of humeral head

Front 177

tangential projection-intertubercular (bicipital) groove shoulder nontrauma

Back 177

anterior margin of humeral head in profile, humeral tubercles and intertubecular groove in profile

Front 178

ap projection -neutral rotation shoulder trauma

Back 178

proximal one-third of humerus and upper scapula and lateral two-thirds of clavicle are shown, including the relationship of the humeral head to the glenoid cavity

Front 179

transthoracic lateral projection: proximal humerus (trauma)

Back 179

lateral view of the proximal half of the humerus and glenohumeral joint should be visualized through the thorax without superimposition of the opposite shoulder

Front 180

scapular y lateral -anterior oblique shoulder trauma

Back 180

true lateral view of the scapula, proximal humerus, and scapulohumeral joint

Front 181

tangential projection-supraspinatus outlet shoulder trauma

Back 181

proximal humerus superimposed over thin body of scapula, without rib superimposition

Front 182

ap apical oblique axial projection shoulder trauma (garth method)

Back 182

humeral head, glenoid cavity and neck and head of scapula are well demonstrated free of superimposition

Front 183

ap and ap axial clavicle

Back 183

most of clavicle above scapula and ribs

Front 184

ap projection scapula

Back 184

lateral portion of scapula with no superimposition, medial portion of scapula

Front 185

lateral projection-rao and lao scapula

Back 185

entire scapula, humerus should not superimpose area of interest of the scapula

Front 186

lateral projection-lpo or rao scapula (patient recumbent)

Back 186

entire scapula