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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the joint where the radius articulates with the navicular (scaphoid) and lunate
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radiocarpal (wrist) joint
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the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a __ joint
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saddle
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several motions are possible at the thumb, this nis not true of the carpometacarpal joints __
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2-5
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these form the knuckles
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metacarpalphalangeal joints
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made up of the proximal (PIP) and distal (DIP) joints
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interphalangeal joints
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another word for palmar
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volar
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what are the 8 carpal bones?
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navicular, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
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there are __ metacarpals in the hand and __ phalangeals
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5, 14
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there are __ total phalanges in the body
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56
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__ extrinsic muscles cross the wrist
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9
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__ intrinsic muscles have both attachemtns distal to the wirst (they begin and end in the hand)
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10
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the fatty area by the thumb side
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thenar eminence
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the fatty part of the hand by the pinky
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hypothenar eminence
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most flexors originate at the __
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common flexor tendon
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most extensors originate at the __
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common extensor tendon
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the three nerves of the wrist and hand
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median, ulnar, radial
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innervates the wrist and finger flexors and sensory to dorsum 2/3 fingers
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median nerve
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innervates the flexors and sensory to the 5th finger and part of the 4th
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ulnar nerve
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innervates the thumb side and back of the hand acros the top part of the hand
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radial nerve
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major blood vessels of the wrist and hand
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radial and ulnar arteries
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motions of the wrist and hand (7)
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flexion, extension, radial and ulnar deviation, abduction, adduciton, circumduction
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most occur due to falling on an outstretched hand or from a hyperflexion torsion force
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wrist sprains
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caused by excessive varus/valgus stress and hyperextended (stoved, stubbed, jammed)
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IP collateral ligament sprains
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rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament at the MP joint. Caused by forceful AB of the thumb while in extension (ulnar side pain)
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gamekeepers thumb
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the most common kind of hand dislocations
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PIP
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the most rare kind of hand dislocation
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MP
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can hapen to the carpal bones (lunate), MP, PIP, and DIP jionts of the wrist
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wrist dislocations
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what is the most commonly dislocated carpal bone?
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lunate
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the collateral ligaments at teh PIP and DIP joints can involve rupture of the volar plate and other fractures, only a __ should reduce these
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physician
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also known as a profundus tendon rupture
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jersey finger
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gets its name from people getting a finger caught in a players jersey. the flexor digitorum profundus ruptures from its attachement of the distal phalax. unable to flex the DIP joint with resistance
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jersey finger
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occurs when an object hits the end of a finger while the extensor tendon is taut, such as when catching a ball (baseball finger). the extensor tendon becomes avulsed from the distal phalanx. The finger will "drop"
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mallet finger
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mallet finger should be immobilized in __ but the __ jiont is free to move
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extension, PIP
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use a __ splint for mallet finger
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stax
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caused by a rapid, forced flexion at the PIP joint. The proximal joint flexes while the distal joint hyperextends
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boutonniere deformity
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benign tumor masses seen on teh dorsal aspect of the wrist. Evident tissue sheath degeneration. Fluid is palpable, normally not painful, surgery might be only effective means of treating this
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ganglion cycsts
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bleeding underneath the nail. if it does not decrease in pain level and swelling the nail must be drilled into to release the pressure
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subungual hematoma
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compression of teh artery, flexor tendon, and median nerve. caused by a direct trauma or repetitive overuse
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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S/S: numbness, tingling, or a burning sensation initially felt only in the fingertips on teh palmar aspect of the 1rst and 3rd fingers. as it progresses, these changes occur into the palm and or arm. decreased grip strength (+) tests
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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often diagnosed as a sprianed wrist
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scaphoid fractures
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difficult to evaluate as it is sometimes not very painful, and seems like a sprianed wrist
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navicular fractures
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caused by a fall on an outstreched hand
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navicular fractures
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S/S: pain over radial syloid process and in the anatomical snuff box, pain is increased with wrist extension and radial deviation. does not heal well
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navicular fracture
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called a boxer fracture
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5th metacarpal fracture
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occurs when an object is punched whith a closed fist leading to rotation of the head of the MC over the neck (a palpable deformity in teh palm)
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boxers fracture (5th metacarpal fracture)
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caused by slamming into doors, being stepped on, or a load to the end of the finger.
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phalangeal fractures
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phalangeal fractures are repaired by __
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ORIF
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a fracture dislocation to the proximal end of the first metacarpal at the carpometacarpal joint
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bennetts fracture
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caused by a direct blow with, or falling on a closed fist
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bennetts fracture
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the fuctional position of teh wrist is __ between __ degrees with __ of __ degrees
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extension, 20-35, ulnar deviation, 10-15
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you should immobilize the wirst with a __ in the hand or a special splint to keep it in teh functinal position
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roll
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what are the three kinds of grips?
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power, three point chuck, and tip pinch
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kind of grip: fingers are flexed, wirst is extended, and wirst is unlar deviated. the ulnar digits work together to provide support and static ocntrol; the thumb may or may not be involved. used for strength and force, a bat or hammer
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power grip
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used for accuracy. palmar pinch occurs and opporition is needed. used for holding a pencil
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three point chuck
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used for fine coordination (sewing). The tip of the thumb is brought into opposition with the tip of another finger
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tip pinch
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three things to palpate on teh dorsal aspect of the hand
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anatomic snuff box, styoloid process of ulna and radius, finger extensors
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three things to palpate on thepalmar aspect of the hand
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flexor tendons, parpal transverse arch, palmar fasica
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do these to each finger joint and to the thumb (MC joint) use proper stabilizaiton
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ligamentous instability tests
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tap over the carpal tunnel at the wrist
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tinels sign
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a + test for this is tingling or parathesia into the thumb, index finger, and middle and lateral half of the wring finger (medial nerve)
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tinels sign
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exert pressure with both thumbs directly over the carpal tunnel and hold for at least 30 seconds
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carpal tunnel compression test
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a + test for this is numbness or tingling into the palmar aspect of the tumb, index finger, and middle finger
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carpal tunnel compression test
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hold the dorsum of the ands together to maximally flex the wrist for one minute by gently pushing the wrists together
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phalens (wrist flexion) test
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a + test for this is tingling in the thumb, index finger, and middle and lateral half of the ring finger (pressure on the median nerve)
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phalens (wrist flexion) test
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extend the wrists and apply pressure over the carpal tunnel fro one munite
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reverse phalens (prayer) test
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a + test for this is tingling in the thumb, index finger, and middle and lateral half of the ring finger. (pressure on teh medial nerve)
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reverse phalens (prayer) test
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have the athlete open and close the hand several times as quickly as possible and then (with closed fist) the examiner squeezes the radial and ulnar arteries. the atlete opens the hand with the pressure stil applied. one artery is released to see if the hand flushes. the other artery is tested in teh same manner. test both hands for comparison. determines which artery is supplying the hand with blood
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allen test
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athlete sits with a fist around teh thumb and the AT grasps the subjects forearm with proximal hand and the fist with distal hand with atheltes thumb in AT thnar eminence, while stabilizing the forearm (proximal hand), teh AT uses the distal hand to place the wrist in ulnar deviation
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finkelstein test
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a + test for this is pain over the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tenodons distally indicate tenosynovitis (de Quervains disease)
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finkelstein test
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finkelstein tests tests for __
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de Quervains disease
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the athlete sits or stands with AT next to them, athlete holds a piece of paper between thumb and index finger. At tries to pull the paper out
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froments sign
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a _ test for this is flexion of the athletes IP joint of the thumb indicates adductor pllicis paralysis due to ulnar nerve damage
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froments sign
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the atlehte sits or stnads with teh AT in front of the athelete. Athlete makes a fist with AT noting position of the 3rd MC.
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murphys sign
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a + test for this is if the athletes 3rd MC is level with the 2nd and 4th MC's. this indicates a dislocated lunate
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murphys sign
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valgus and varus stress tests can be done on the __ and __
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fingers and thumb
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support the finger with one hand while tapping the end of the finger.
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tap/percussion test
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a + test for this is radiating pain in teh finger, is indicative of a fracture
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tap procussion test
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a + test for this is pain when the finger is squeezed
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comperssion test
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the dermatome for the superior middle of the head
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C1
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the dermatome for the just below the ear loe, temportal region of teh head
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C2
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the dermatome for the nape of the neck
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C3
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the dermatome for the lateral neck, superior shoulder, and clavicular area
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C4
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the dermatome for the deltoid area and lateral upper arm
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C5
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the dermatome for the thumb, index finger, lateral forearm, and the radial side of teh hand
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C6
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the dermatome for the posterior lateral arm, forearm and middle finger
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C7
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the dermatome for the medial forarem, ulnar border of hand, ring, and litle fingrs
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C8
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the dermatome for the medial side of the upper arm
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T1
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the dermatome for the axilla
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T2
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the myotome for the rectus capitis, anterior primary rami, and longus capitus
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C1 (chin tuck)
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the myotome for the longus colli, sternocleidomastoid, and rectus capitis
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C2 (cervical flexion)
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the myotome for the trapezius and splenius capitis
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C3, lateral neck flexion
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the myotome for the trapezius and levator scapulae
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c4, shoulder shrug
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the myotome for the deltoid and biceps
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C5, shoulder abduciton, elbow flexion
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the myotome for the biceps, and supinator
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C6, elbow flexion, wrist extension
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the myotome for the tripceps
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C7, elbow extension, wrist flexion
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the myotome for the extensor policis longus and brevis and flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis
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C8, thumb extnesion, finger flexion, ulnar deviation, and finger abduction
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the myotome for the intrinsics
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T1, thumb extension, ulnar deviation
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the dermatome for below inguinal ligament adn teh back
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L1
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the dermatome for proximal medial thigh and teh back wrapping around to teh anterior superior thigh
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L2
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anterior thigh (above patella), back and upper gluteal
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L3
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the dermatome for medial gluteals, lateral thigh/knee, anterior medial lower leg, dorsomedial aspect of teh foot, great toe
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L4
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the dermatome for lateral knee and upper lateral lower leg, top of foot
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L5
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the dermatome for buttock, posterolateral thigh, lateral edge of teh foot
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S1
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the dermatome for poplitel fossa
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S2
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the myotome for the psoas, iliacus, pectineus, and sartorius (L1)
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hip fleixon
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the myotome for the psos (L2)
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hip flexion
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the myotome for the quadriceps (L3)
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knee extension
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the myotome for thetibialis anterior (L4)
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ankle dorsiflexion
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the myotome for the extensor hallicus longus (L5)
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great toe extension
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the myotome for the peroneals, hamstrings, and gluteals 9 (S1)
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ankle eversion, knee flexion, hip extension (fire hydrant)
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the myotome for the gastrocnemus (S2)
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tip toe
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innervates the bladder and genital functions (somatic)
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S3-4
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innervates the bladder and genital functions (parasympathetic)
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S2-3-4
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doing a reflex test on the biceps tendon tests __
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C5
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doing a reflex test on the brachioradialis tendon test __
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C6
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a reflex test on teh triceps tendon tests __
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C6, C7, C8
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a reflex test on the patellar tendon tsets __
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L3-4
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a reflex test on teh tibialis posterior tendon tests __
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L5
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a reflex test on the medial hamstrings tendon (semitendinousus) tests __
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L5, S1
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a reflex test on teh biceps femoris tests __
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L5, S1-2
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a reflex test on teh achilles tendon tests __
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S1-2
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what are the 10 crainial nerves
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olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, auditory, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal
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controls smell
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olfactory
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controls sight
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optic
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controls eye movmenet and pupil contriction
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occulomotor
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controls down and inward eye movment
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trochlear
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sensory of the mouth, face and scalp, controls jaw movement
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trigeminal
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controls lateral eye movment
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abducens
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controls facial muslces, taste
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facial
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heating and equilibrium
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auditory
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innevates back of tongue, movment of pharynx
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glossopharyngeal
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innervates thoat (pain) and sensory for taste
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vagus
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controls trapezius and SCM
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accessory
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innervates muscles of the tongue
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hypoglossal
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bones of the crainium 6
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frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, partietal, temporal
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the 4 parts of teh brain
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cerebrum, cerebellum, dienchpalon, brain stem
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conrosl motor functin, sensory info, special senses, congnition, and memory
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cerebrum
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controls blance and coordiation, smooth, synergistic msucle control
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cerebellum
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routing of afferent info to teh apropriate cerebral areas, body temp regulation, maintenance of necessary water balance, emotional control
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diencephalon
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heart rate regulation, respiratory rate regulation, control over amount of peripheral blood flow
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brain stem
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means "hard mother", outermost menigeal covering, contains the menigeal arteries
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dura mater
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resmebles a cobweb, separated from teh dura mater by teh subdural space, contains the CSF
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arachnoid mater
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contains the cerebrospinal fluid
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arachnoid mater
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means "tender mother", evelops brain
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pia mater
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circulates around teh brain and spinal cord within teh subarachnoid space, acts a buffer against external forces
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cerebrospinal fluid
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the brain is supplied blood by __ vertebral arteries
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2
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the __ provides collateral circulation of teh brains regions
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circle of willis
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impact forces to teh crainial area may be sustained locally by __ or tranmitted through other structures
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direct impact
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an injury occurs away from teh actual injury site due to axial rotation and acceleration
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contrecoup injuries
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involve local damage of teh brain (ex. subdural hematoma)
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focal injuries
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can involve widspread disruptin and damage to the function and or structure of teh brain (ex. concussions)
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diffuse injuries
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5 types of skull fractures
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linear(line), comminuted, depressed, closed, and open
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when a fragement of teh skull is deriven towards the brain
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depressed fracture
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when a piece of the skull is broken into multiple pieces
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comminuted
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S/S: racoon eyes (delayed discoloration around teh eyes from an anterior crainial fossa and sinus fracture, blood or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) may leak from teh nose, blindness or loss of smell, battle's sign (delayed discoloration behind teh ear due to basilar skull fracture), blood and CSF may lead from the ear
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skull fractures
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delayed discoloration behind the ear due to basilar skull fracture
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battles sign
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occurs deep in teh dura mater and involves bleeding froma cerebral vein rather than an artery
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subdural hematoma
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a subdural hematoma forms __
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slowly
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S/S: may not become apparent for hours, days, or even weeks after injry, might become unconscious. rapidly increasing craininal pressure, dialated pupil on teh affected side, reduced pulse, vomiting, and difficulry breathing
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subdural hematoma
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immediate but transient posttraumatic impairment of brain function
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mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
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after an MTBI, there is an increased demand for __ to fuel cell metabolism and decrease in blod flow needed to deliver nutrients (increases risks for further brain trauma)
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glucose
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repeated trauma may produce __ effects on brain function
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cumulative degenerative
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defined as a violent shaking or jarring action that can result in immediate or transient impaiment of neurological function
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concussions
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__ are graded by length of mental impairment and loss of memory before and after injury
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concussions
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5 things to find for history of head injuries:
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did athlete lose consciousness and if so for how long?, have they had a concussion before, neck or back pain, breathing or vision problems, discharge from nose or ears
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5 things to observe for head injuries
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expressions, smell, vision, eye tracking, smiling
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3 things to palpate on teh head
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scalp, hair, cervical spinous processes
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the 4 vital signs
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respiration, pulse, blood pressure, pulse pressure
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the athlete stand with feet together, arms at sides, eyes closed while maintaing blance.
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rhomberg test
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a + rhomberg test is __
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when the body sways, loses balance, or cannot keep eyes closed
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place your finger in front of the individual and have him/her touch teh finger alternating with L and R hand (depth perception_. can also have thelete stnad with eyse closed and touch the tip of teh nose (coordination)
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finger to nose test
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in teh heel/toe waking test there should not be any __ or __ to walk in a straight line
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sway, inability
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tests critical thinking and concentration skills. start at 100 and subract 7 until you tell them to stop. might modify it to subtracting 5 if 7 is too difficult
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100-7 test
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stroke the plantar aspect of the foot with a pointed object along the lateral aspect of teh foot beinning at teh calcaneus.
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babinski test
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a normal babinski test is the toes curling __
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downward
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a + babinski test is the __ of teh great toe, and on accasion teh __ of the toes
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extension, splaying
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determines level of conscousness
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glasgow coma scale
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first test relates to eye opeing, may occur spontaneously with speech, pain, or no response at all. each is given a number, second test involves motor response. athlete is given a 6 if there is a response to a verbal command; otherwise a 5 point scale is used depending on the motor response to a painful stimuli, the thrid test has veral response graded on a 5 point scale to measure the athletes speech in response to simple questions such as "where are you?" and "are you winning the game"
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glascow coma
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the glascow coma scale must be obtained __
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at teh scene
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the glascow coma scale can be repeated at __ min intervals
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15-30
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if the glascow coma sclae is between __ emergency care is required
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3-8
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S/S: neurological impairments after the injury, altered neurotransmitter function, postconcussion syndrom >3 months, disruption of the brian
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postconcussion syndrom
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consequence of returing an athlete too soon to play, increaed blod flow, increased intracraininal pressure, 50% mortality rate
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second impact syndrome
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the __ is removed from the helmet if a spinal cord injury is expected
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facemask
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there are __ cervical vertebrae
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8
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protect teh spinal cord
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cervical vertebrae
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the __ of the cervical vertebrae serve as mucle attachements sites
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spinous processes
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teh __ has no vertebral body
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atlas (C1)
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teh __ is part of C2 also called teh axis
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odontoid process
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consitute the most mobile articulation of teh spine
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C1 and C2
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there are __ facet joints in teh C-spine
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14
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the greatest flexion and extension movements of the facet joints occur between __
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C4-C7
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make up 25% of the height of teh cervical spine
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intervetebral disks
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there is no disc found unitl the __ junction
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C2-C3
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give the C spine its lordotic shape
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intervertebral discs
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the two parts of each vertebral discs
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nuceus pulposus, annulus fibrosis
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the gelatinous-liek material comprising teh inner portion of teh disc. it acts like a buffer to axial compression in distributing compressive forces
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nucleus pulposus
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a tough outer covering of the disc and is ocmposed of fibrocartilage. it acts to withstand tension within the disc
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annulus fibrosis
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there are __ pairs of nerve roots
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8
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roots come together and divide into two __
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rami
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carry sensory and motor information
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rami
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there are __ and __ rami
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posterior, anterior
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the cervical plexus is made up of __
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C1-C4
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innervates occipital ,supraclavicular, shoulder, and upper thoracic region
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cervical plexus
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the brachial plexus ismade up of __
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C5-C8 (C4-T2 may also contribute)
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innervates part of the shoulder, arm, and hand
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brachial plexus
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usually involve the sternocleidomastoid or the upper trapezius, levators may be inclded as well
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neck starins
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neck strains usually occur at the extremes of __, __, __, or in associatation with a violent muscle contraction or external force
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hyperextension, hyperflexion, excesive rotation
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S/S: pain, stiffness, edcreased ROM, muscle spasm palpable and painful when streched.
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neck strains
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occur mostly to major ligaments of teh c-spine as well as teh capsular ligaments surrounding teh facet joints
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neck sprains
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neck sprains will persist __ than strains
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longer
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if there is radiating pain or numbness/tingling witha neck sprains, send to a physican to rule out a __ or __
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fracture, disc injury
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defined as a loss of CSF around teh spinal cord and involves a narrowing of teh neural canal which can impinge the spinal cord leading to quadriplegia or transient quadriplegia
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cervical spinal stenosis
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with this athletes may remian asymptomatic but teh condition becomes apparnet ater an acute injruy leads to neurological deficits
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cervical spinal stenosis
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casued by acute trama like wiplash or repetitive motion
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facet joint dysfunction
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S/S: posterior neck pain during extension and rotation, clicking or catching, localized pain, lateral to spinous process
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facet joint dysfunction
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S/S: sensory changes or motor deficits in both arms, both legs, or all four extremities; following forced hyperextension, hyperflexion, or axial loading of teh cervical spione, sensory changes may incude burning pain, numbness, tingling, or total loss or sensation. Moto changes may include waekness or complete paralysis
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cervical spinal stenosis
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with signs and symptoms sensory changes are __, the nerve root is __
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bilateral, unilateral
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might be seen with normal exrays but an MRI is normally needed, depending on the sport, people are not advised to continue praticipating due to increased chances of permanent paralysis
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cervical spinal stenosis
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__ occur more frequently than __ in the cervical neck
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dislocations, fractures
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can be caused by axial loading with violent flexion of teh neck such as diving into shallow water or spearing in football (compression fractures)
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cervical fractures
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cervical dislocations involve __ and __
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flexion, rotation
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S/S: painful palpation over teh spinous processes, muscle spasm, a palpable defect radiating pain, numbness, waekness in a myotome, paralysis in teh limbs and tunk, or los of bowel/bladder control
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cervical neck fractures and dislocations
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in a __, the neck will tilt toward teh dislocated side
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unilateral dislocation
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with the brachial plexus stretch, the involved arem will __
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hang limply
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three mechanisms of injury for the cervical neck area:
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impingments or laceration secondary to bony displacement, compression secondary to hemorrhage, edema, and ischemia of the cord, trauma aboce C4=high probablity of death
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injury above __ means a high probability of death due to damage to vital's control sites
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C4
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pressure place on teh cervical nerve roots that causes pain and spasm in teh cervical region; pain and parethesia in teh affected dermatome
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cerivical radiculopathy
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common cuases of cervical radiculopathy
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disk herniation, osteophyte formation
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threats to the spinal cord from cervical fractures or dislocated vertebrae (3)
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bony fragments lacerate cord, swelling compresses the cord, vertebra shifts narrowing teh spinal canal
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body-wide state of decreased or absent sensory and motor function
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transient quadraplegia
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S/S: sensory dysfunction, burning pain, numbness, parethesia, symptoms can clear within 15 min to 48 hours
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transient quadraplegia
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for cervical spinal cord trauma, you cannot return to play while __
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symptomatic
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when doing an evaluation on teh head or neck, do not be in a __
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hurry
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if you are not sure when evaluating the head or neck, __
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backboard
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what things should you observe for neck inuries (3)
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head/neck posture, shoulder levels, muscle spasm
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3 things to palpate on teh posterior aspect of the neck
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external occipital protuberance, spinous proceses and facets of C vertebrae
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|
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3 things to palpate on teh lateral aspect of the neck
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transverse processses of C vertebrae, lymph nodes, carotid arteries
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|
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3 things to palpate on the anterior neck
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cartilage, sinuses, clavicle
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normal ROM for neck flexion is __
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80-90
|
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normal ROM for neck ext
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70
|
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normal ROM for left and right lateral neck flextion
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20-45
|
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normal ROM for right and left neck rotation
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70-90
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can be done in 3 stages, if symptoms occur, do not go onto next stage: first is neurtral spine and pressing strsight down, second is compression with the head in extension, third is the athlete extends the head and rotates the head towards the side of teh complaint and teh head is compressed
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compression/spurlings test
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a + __ test is pain radiating down the arm toward which the head is side flexed during compression. pain without raidiatoin is a - test
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compression test
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one hand under the chin and teh other at the occiput then slowly lifts the head
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distraction test
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a + __ is the pain is relieved or decreaesd when the head is distracted, indicating pressure on the nerve roots has been relieved
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distraction test
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equivalent to teh SLR test for teh lumbar spine
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upper limb tension test
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teh shoulder is depressed and abducted 10 degrees, elbow is extended, forearm is supinated, wrist/fingers/thumb are extended, and teh head is flexed to the opposite side
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upper limb tension test
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downward pressure is applied on teh opposite shoulder while the head is side flexed to the one side
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shoulder depression test
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|
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a + __ is irritation or compression of nerve roots is an increased pain
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shoulder compression test
|
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whwen an athlete rotates the head to one side while the AT carefully presses stragiht down on teh ead. this is repreated with the head rotated to the other side
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jacksons compression test
|
|
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a + __ test indicating pressure on a nerve root is pain radiationg down the arm
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joacksons compression test
|
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the althlete takes a deep breatha nd holds it while bearing down. take care as the patient might become dizzy
|
valsalva tset
|
|
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a + __ is indicating a possible disc lesions is an increse in pain
|
valsalva test
|
|
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the AT applies firm compression to the brachial plexus by squeezing the plexus under the thumb or fingrs
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brachial plexus comoression test
|
|
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a + __ would mean pain is radiating into teh shoulder of the UE
|
brachial plexus compression test
|
|
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athlete is supine, the At passibely takes the head and neck into extension and side flexion. the At then rotates the athletes neck to the same side and holds if for 30 seconds
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vetebral artery (Cervical quadrant) test
|
|
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a + __ test is if it provokes referring symptoms if teh side to which the head is taken is affected. if dizziness occurs, the vetebral arteries are being comperessed, can also assess nerve root compression
|
vertebral artery (cervical quadrant) test
|
|
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posture assumed after spinal cord injury: Extension of the extremites and retraction of the head
|
decerebrate posture
|
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posture assumed after spinal cord injury: flexion of teh elbows and wrists, clenched fists, and extension of the lower extremity
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decorticate posture
|
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arms flexed across the chest
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flexion contracture
|
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Landmark: on the same level as the spinous processes
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cervical vertebral bodies
|
|
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Landmark: one figer bredth inferior to the mastoid process
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C1 transverse process
|
|
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Landmark: Posterior to the hyoid bone
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C3-C4 vertebrae
|
|
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Landmark: poterior to the thyroid cartilage
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C4-C5 vertebrae
|
|
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Landmark: posterior to the circoid cartilage; movement during flexion and extension of the cervical spine
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C6 vertebrae
|
|
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Landmark: Prominent posterior spinous process
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C7 vertebrae
|
|
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what ligaments are stressed during flexion of the neck? (4)
|
posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
|
|
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what ligaments are stressed during extension of the neck? (1)
|
anterior longitudinal ligament
|
|
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what ligaments are stressed during rotation of the neck? (2)
|
interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
|
|
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what ligaments are stressed during lateral bending of the neck? (2)
|
interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
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