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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the risk factors for Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus?
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Smoking
High alcohol intake Plummer-vinson syndrome Achalasia Corrosive strictures Coeliac disease Breast cancer treated with radiotherapy Tylosis Diet dificient in vitamins, fibre and high in fat, cholesterol and red meat |
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What are the risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus?
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GORD
Barrett's oesophagus Smoking Obesity Breast cancer treated with radiotherapy |
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What are the symptoms of oesophageal cancer?
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Dysphagia - unrelenting, progressive, solids followed by liquids a few weeks later
Pain - impaction of food Strictures - Ulcerative, proliferative or schirrhous lesions Weight loss Lymphadenopathy Anorexia Aspiration into lungs |
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What are the investigations for oesophageal cancer?
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Endoscopy
Barium swallow CT, ultrasound, laparoscopy and position emission tomography - TMN staging |
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What are the treatments of oesophageal cancer?
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Surgery
Chemoradiation Palliative therapy - stenting, brachytheray, laser destruction Photodynamic therapy Nutritional support |
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What are the risk factors for gastric adenocarcinoma?
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H. pylori infection
Dietary factors - salt, nitrates, fibres, starch Smoking Genetics - P53 1st degree relative with condition Pernicious anaemia |
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What are the 2 types of gastric adenocarcinoma?
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Intestinal
Diffuse |
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What are the characteristics of intestinal gastric adenocarcinoma?
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Well formed, glandular structures
Polypoid or ulcerating lesions with heaped-up rolled edges Metaplasia Distal stomach Atrophic gastritis Strong environmental association |
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WHat are the characteristics of diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma?
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Poorly cohesive cells
Infiltrate gastric wall Involve any part of stomach Worse prognosis Small frequency in all environments |
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What are the symptoms of gastric adenocarcinoma?
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Epigastric pain - like ulcers, relieved by food/antacids, varies constant and severe
Nausea Anorexia Weight loss Vomiting Anaemia Thickened rigidity of stomach wall Metastases to bone, brain, lung and liver |
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What are the signs of gastric adenocarcinoma?
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Weight loss
Palpable epigastric mass Abdominal tenderness Palpable Virchow's node |
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How is gastric adenocarcinoma diagnosed?
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Gastroscopy - biopsy
FBC Barium meal and Xray |
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How is gastric adenocarcinoma staging assessed?
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TNM scale
CT scan Ultrasound Laparoscopy PET and CT/PET |
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What are the treatment options for gastric adenocarcinomas?
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Endoscopic surgery
Surgery Chemo-radiotherapy |
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What are gastrointestinal stromal tumours?
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Mesenchymal tumours of varying differentiation
Ulcerate and bleed 55-65 year olds |
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What are the classifications of gastrointestinal stromal tumours?
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Leiomyomas
Leiomyosarcomas Leiomyoblastomas Schwannomas |
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What are primary gastric lymphomas?
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B cell marginal zone lymphomas
Can be elsewhere except lymph nodes |
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What are the symptoms of primary gastric lymphomas?
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Stomach pain
Ulcers 60+ Localised symptoms |
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What causes primary gastric lymphomas?
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H. pylori - eradication =recovery
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Which tumours are found in the SI?
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Rarely
Adenocarcinomas - Duodenum and jejunum Lymphomas - Ileum, non-Hodgkins |
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What are the predisposing factors for SI tumours?
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Coeliacs disease - T cell lymphomas and adenoma, premalignant conditions
Crohn's Immunoproliferative small intestine disease - B cell disorder of proliferation of plasma cell, low socio-economic groups, malabsorption, abdo pain, anorexia, weight loss, anaemia, palpable mass, diagnosed biopsy and CT |
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How are SI tumours treated?
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Adenocarcinomas - surgery, radio and chemo
IPSID - antibiotics, chemotherapy Lymphoma - Surgery, radio and chemo |
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Where are carcinoid tumours most commonly found?
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Appendix
terminal ileum rectum |
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What are the symptoms of carcinoid tumours?
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Hepatomegaly
Metastases Abdo pain Watery diarrhoea Cardiac abnormalities |
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How are carcinoid tumours diagnosed?
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Ultrasound and urinalysis
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How are carcinoid tumours treated?
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Octapeptide somatostatin analogues - inhibit gut hormone release
Chemo |
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What is carcinoid syndrome?
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Blue-ish flush on face caused by liver metastases
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When is colorectal carcinoma diagnosed?
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60-65
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What are the risk factors for colorectal carcinoma?
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Age
Low fibre Animal fat and red meat Sugar Colorectal polyps Family history Chronic IBD Breast cancer Physical inactivity Diabetes Obesity Smoking Alcohol excess Acromegaly Abdominal radiotherapy Ureterosigmoidostomy |
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Where do colorectal carcinomas commonly metastasise to?
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Liver
Lung |
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What are the symptoms of colorectal carcinoma?
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Change in bowel habit
Rectal bleeding Tenesmus Anaemia Palpable rectal/abdominal mass |
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What investigations are carried out for colorectal carcinoma?
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Colonoscopy
Biopsy Double-contrast barium CT colonoscopy Endoanal ultrasound Chest, pelvic and abdominal CT PET scan Serum carcinoembyronic antigen |
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What are the treatments for colorectal carcinoma?
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Surgery
Radiotherapy Chemo |
