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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does it mean if something is "efferent"?
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It is conducting away from a certain body part.
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What does it mean if something is "afferent"?
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It is conducting towards a certain body part.
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Is the autonomic nervous system involved with all the organs of the body?
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No.
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Are all systems which are affected by the autonomic nervous system under constant neural tone?
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No.
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Why is the autonomic nervous system important in pharmacology?
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It is the target of many drugs (which is a good and a bad thing).
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What are the 4 major effects of sympathetic stimulation?
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Cardiac stimulation, bronchodilation, increase in blood flow to skeletal muscle, increase in plasma glucose and fats.
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What are the 4 major effects of parasympathetic stimulation?
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Cardiac slowing, gut stimulation, increase in secretions, bladder emptying.
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What is a ganglion?
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A cluster of cell bodies and dendrites that acts as a relay or intermediate point in the body.
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What are some important areas for drug action?
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Synapses (in brain, ganglia, or organs), presynaptic neurotransmitters, and post-synaptic receptors and affected organs.
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What are the two primary neurotransmitters in the ANS?
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Noradrenaline (NA) & acetylcholine (ACh).
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What is the post-ganglionic transmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system?
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Acetylcholine.
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PNS nerves affected by acetylcholine are called...
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...cholinergic.
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Drugs that mimic the effects of acetylcholine are called...(2 answers).
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...cholinomimetics or parasympathomimetics.
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Drugs that impair the function of the PNS are called...
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...parasympatholytics.
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What is the post-ganglionic transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?
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Noradenaline.
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Nerves that are affected by noradrenaline/norepinephrine are referred to as...
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...adrenergic.
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Drugs that mimic noradrenaline are called...
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...sympathomimetics.
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Drugs that impair the sympathetic nervous system are called...
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...sympatholytics.
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All ganglionic nerves are... (cholinergic or adrenergic?)
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...cholinergic.
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Receptors are targets for transmitters, and also for...
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...hormones.
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Are there many or few types of receptors?
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Many.
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What 2 characteristics are receptors classified according to?
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Pharmacological criteria (affinity of drugs) and protein structure.
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In the PNS, there are _______ receptors in the ganglia and ________ receptors post-ganglia.
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nicotinic; muscarinic
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Alpha-1 receptors are ___synaptic and have a ______ effect on the body.
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post; excitatory
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Alpha-2 receptors are ____synaptic and have what effect on noradrenaline?
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pre; inhibitory
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Beta-1 receptors act on _________ and have a _________ effect.
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heart; stimulatory
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Beta-2 receptors act on _________ and have a _________ effect.
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smooth muscle; relaxing
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What are some the factors that influence the response of effector tissues?
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Intensity of neural input, stimulation by autacoids and hormones, pathophysiological state of tissue, presence of drugs.
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How much sympathetic tone does the heart experience at rest?
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None.
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Vascular tone is regulated by what type of receptors?
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Baroreceptors.
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In the sympathetic response, bronchioles are dilated by what type of receptors?
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Beta-2 adrenoceptors.
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In the parasympathetic response, bronchioles are constricted by what type of receptors?
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Muscarnic receptors.
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What are the effects of Alpha-1 agonists?
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Vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, reflex decrease in heart rate.
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What are the effects of Beta-1 agonists?
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Cardiac stimulation.
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What are the effects of Beta-2 agonists?
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Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, especially during bronchoconstriction.
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What are some effects/uses of Alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists?
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Vasodilation due to blocking of sympathetic tone, reflex increase in heart rate. Used to treat hypertension, for benign prostatic hypertrophy.
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What are some side effects of Alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists?
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Sedation, nasal stuffiness, diarrhea, impaired ejaculation, postural hypotension.
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What is the suffix used for Alpha-Adrenoceptor antagonists?
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-azosin.
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What is the suffix used for Beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists?
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-olol.
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What are the common actions of Beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists?
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Decreased heart rate, especially during stress, decreased oxygen demand (anti-anginal), decreased cardiac dysrhythmias, decreased blood pressure, decreased reinfarction rate after MI, decreased congestive heart failure.
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What effects do Beta-Adrenoceptor antagonists have on the lungs? How is this dangerous? How do we overcome this?
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They prevent sympathetic-induced bronchodilation, which is very dangerous in asthmatics. Beta-1 selective antagonists cause less severe problems with this.
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What are 2 classes of muscarinic receptor agonists?
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Choline esters and alkaloids.
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What do cholinesterase inhibitors do, and what are some examples?
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They increase acetylcholine effects. They are used as therapeutic agents, insecticides, and war nerve gases.
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What is the "classic" muscarinic antagonist?
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Atropine.
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