University Of Alberta Medicine 10/10 Acute And Chronic Inflammation

Front 1

What are 5 characteristics common to all inflammation?

Back 1

Warmth, pain, redness, swelling, and lack of function.

Front 2

What is inflammation?

Back 2

A reaction of the microcirculation characterized by movement of fluid and leukocytes from the blood into extravascular tissues.

Front 3

What change is responsible for tissue swelling (edema) in the inflammatory response?

Back 3

The change in vascular permeability.

Front 4

What change is responsible for redness in the inflammatory response?

Back 4

The change in vascular permeability.

Front 5

Where does serotonin come from? What does it do?

Back 5

It comes from the granules of the platelets. It is a vasoconstrictor.

Front 6

Where does histamine come from? What does it do?

Back 6

It comes from the granules of the mast cells. It is a vasodilator.

Front 7

What are a couple of examples of arachidonic acid metabolites? What do they do?

Back 7

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins. They are mediators of vasodilation and permeability.

Front 8

What are some actions of complement?

Front 9

What is inflammatory exudate?

Back 9

The protein-rich fluid that oozes into tissues in an inflammation reaction.

Front 10

What is an effusion?

Back 10

A fluid collection made by an exudate or transudate in a body space.

Front 11

What is an empyema?

Back 11

An effusion composed of pus
(Effusion Made of Pus YEMA).

Front 12

What is an abscess?

Back 12

A collection of pus formed in a space derived from tissue destruction.

Front 13

What are kinins? What do they do? What triggers their release?

Back 13

They are small polypeptide molecules, which mediate vascular dilation and permeability. Exposed collagen triggers their release.

Front 14

Where do anaphylotoxins come from? What do they affect?

Back 14

They are byproducts of activation of the complement system. They act directly on vessels (to increase permeability, I presume), and stimulate mast cells to release their granules (histamine and stuff).

Front 15

What the main cells you see in acutely inflammed tissues?

Back 15

Neutrophils.

Front 16

What are the two ways that neutrophils are attracted to sites of tissue injury and infections?

Back 16

Chemotaxis and opsonization.

Front 17

What are 3 chemotactic factors for neutrophils?

Back 17

Complement byproducts, formyl peptides (detection of bacteria), and special cytokines (chemokines).

Front 18

What are opsonins? What are some examples?

Back 18

They are proteins which attach to the surface of a cell and make it more readily phagocytized. Examples include immunoglobins and complement byproducts.

Front 19

What are 4 well-known cascades that often work together and interconnectedly in tissue injury or inflammation?

Back 19

The complement system, the blood clotting factors, the kinin system, and the plasmin system (keeps clotting in check).

Front 20

What are some differences between acute and chronic inflammation?

Back 20

Chronic inflammation takes longer to develop, is more likely to involve specific recognition, has infiltrating cells which are mononuclear (lymphocytes and macrophages), and is more likely to cause permenant tissue damage.

Front 21

Do infections tend to be distinctively acute or chronic?

Back 21

No - they can have features of both.

Front 22

What are two ways that neutrophils kill their targets?

Back 22

Through oxygen products like bleach, or through special lysosomal enzymes.

Front 23

What are commonalities betweeen neutrophils and macrophages?

Back 23

They respond to chemotactic factors, they are phagocytic, they have receptors for opsonins, and they use some similar killing mechanisms.

Front 24

What are differences betweeen neutrophils and macrophages?

Back 24

Macrophages have a longer life span, they produce cytokines, and they can present antigen to Th cells.

Front 25

What clinical characteristics of inflammation are cytokines responsible for?

Back 25

Mostly fever.

Front 26

How do chronically inflammed tissues change with regard to lymphocytes?

Back 26

They undergo a cytokine-promoted change to become sticky to passing lymphocytes, and often wind up coated with them.

Front 27

What changes are visible in an excited lymphoctye?

Back 27

It gets big and pale, and starts to look indistinguishable from a macrophage.

Front 28

What is another name for a macrophage?

Back 28

A mononuclear phagocyte.

Front 29

What are leukotrienes similar to?

Back 29

Cytokines (it seems, anyway).

Front 30

What attracts eosinophils to injury and inflammatory sites?

Back 30

Leukotrienes and chemokines (chemotaxic cytokines).

Front 31

What unique type of cell is found in granulomas? What are some its characteristics?

Back 31

Giant cells (a fusing of a much of macrophages). They are very large and multinucleate.

Front 32

What type of inflammation is often confused with chronic inflammation?

Back 32

Inflammation caused by viral infections.

Front 33

What cells are characteristics of a chronic infection?

Back 33

Macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and granulomas (Me LEG has chronic inflammation!)

Front 34

What are some characteristics of an acute infection?

Back 34

Permeability changes, Fluid Movement, Chemotaxis, Opsonization, Plasma protein cascades (A"cute" - Pretty Female Makes COP).

Front 35

What are some diseases that involve granulomatous inflammation?

Back 35

Foreign body granuloma (macrophages try to engulf foreign object - most common cause), TB, fungal infection, sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease.

Front 36

What is the immune advantage of a granuloma with a foreign body?

Back 36

It protects the foreign body from being hit with a ton of suicidal, inflammatory neutrophils.

Front 37

What is the connection between chronic inflammation and tissue repair?

Back 37

The inflammatory response causes cell growth through cytokines and such, so there is usually scarring (because there is remodelling of the tissues).

Front 38

What kinds of disease involve inflammation and fibrosis?

Back 38

All kinds, especially on their leading edge - so only get the middle in a biopsy!