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410 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of life
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biology
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Life is structured on a size scale ranging from __________ to the _________________.
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molecules; planet
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Biology's scope stretches across the enormous ________ of ______ __ __________.
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diversity; life on earth
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The phenomenon we call ________ defies a simple, one-sentence definition.
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life
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All living things exhibit commplex but ordered organization.
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Order
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The environment outside an organism frequently changes, but mechanisms regulate the organism's internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life.
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Regulation
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Information carried by genes- the units of inheritance tat transmit information from parents to offspring- controls the pattern of growth and developement in all organisms.
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Growth and development
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the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
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genes
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Organisms take in energy and transform it in performing all of life's activities.
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Energy utilization
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All organisms respond to environmental stimuli.
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Response to the environment
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Organisms reproduce their own kind
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Reproduction
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Reproduction underlies the capacity of populations to change (evolve) over time.
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Evolution
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the chemical responsible for inheritance
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DNA
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consists of all the environments on Earth that support life- including soil; oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water; and the inner atmosphere.
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Biosphere
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Each organism interacts continuously with other ________ and its ____________.
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organisms; environment
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Both ________ things and ________ components are affected by the interaction between an organism & its environment.
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Living; nonliving
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ex. minerals that plants take up from the soil will eventually e recycled to the soil by microorganisms that decompose leaf litter and other organic refuse.
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Cycling of nutrients
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Second major process in the ecosystem
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Flow of energy from sunlight to producers and then on to consumers and decomposers.
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The lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life.
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Cell
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_____ organisms are composed of cells.
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All
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organisms basic unit of order and structure
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Cell
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Two major types of cells
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Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
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simple and small; contains no organelles
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prokaryotic cell
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subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles.
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Eukaryotic cell
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structures that are surrounded by membrane barriers and that perform specific functions inside of cells.
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Organelles
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the largest organelle in most eukaryotic cells
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Nucleus
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DNA's alphabet
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A,G,C,T
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All cells use ________ as the chemical material of genes
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DNA
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units of inheritance that transmit information from parent to offspring
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Genes
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the entire library of genes in an organisms
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genome
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The language of DNA is ________ to all life.
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universal
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What two things have allowed us to manipulate the DNA and genes of organisms?
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Genetic engineering & biotechnology
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________ is the hallmark of life.
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Diversity
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The diversity of known life includes __________ species.
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1.8 Million
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Estimates of the total diversity range from __________ to over __________ species.
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10 million; 200 million
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Biologists add thousands of newly identified ______ to the list each year.
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Species
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Biodiversity can be viewed as both___________ and _____________.
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beautiful; overwhelming
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Many people feel a connection with _________.
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Nature
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It is _________ nature to catorgorize things
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human
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the branch of biology that names and classifies species
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Taxonomy
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The largest taxonomic groups of living things.
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Domains
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Three main domains.
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Two domains that identify two very different groups of organisms that have prokaryotic cells.
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Bacteria and Archaea
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___________ includes many kingdoms: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protists
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Eukarya
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Planta, Fungi, and Animalia are ____________.
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multicellular
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Protists are ___________.
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Single-celled.
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This history of life is a saga of a changing ___________ billions of years old.
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Earth
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________ document this history.
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Fossils
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The fossil record is ________ and __________.
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vast; detailed
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Not all _______ left a fossil record
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organisms
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The evolutionary view of life came into focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published____________.
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The Origin of Species
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One idea of Darwin: The ability of population to _______ to their environment.
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adapt
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One idea of Darwin: The origin of new __________.
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species
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Darwin described the process of evolution as:
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Decent with modification
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Descent refers to:
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common ancestry
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Modification refers to:
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editing
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the process of evolution
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natural selection
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Fact 1: Over production in a _____________ ___________ leads to _____________.
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limiting environment; competition
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Fact 2: In populations, individuals _________.
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vary
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The inescapable conclusion:
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Unequal reproductive success
*Only the most fit survive & the traits that survive will live on* |
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the mechanism of evolution
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Natural Selection
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There are many examples of ___________ ____________ in action.
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Natural selection
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The development of _____________ ________________ is one.
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antibiotic-resistant bacteria
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Artificial selection is the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by __________.
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humans
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The word "science" is derived from a Latin verb meaning ___________.
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to know
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_________ is a way of knowing, one that is based on inquiry
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Science
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2 types of science
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-Discovery Science
-Hypothesis driven science |
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Verifiable observations and ___________ are the data of ___________ __________.
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measurments; discovery science
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In________, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels.
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Biology
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a formal process of inquiry; consists of a series of steps
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scientific method
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a tentative answer to some question- an explanation on trial
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hypothesis
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Making a large number of specific observations and then deriving generalizations.
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Inductive reasoning
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Using a generalization to predict an outcome in a specific scenario.
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Deductive reasoning
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A hypothesis should be _______, testable and ___________.
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specific; falsifiable
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An experiment that is designed to compare an experiment group with a control group.
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Controlled experiment
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Ideally, a control group and an experimental goup differ in only _____ variable(s).
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one
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Using a control group can cancel out _________ that would otherwise make the results hard to interpret.
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variables
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The path of science is not easy nor is it _________.
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direct
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New and unexpected discoveries come from __________ results.
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unexpected
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The culture of science includes:
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Cooperation and competition
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teams of scientists collaborating
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cooperation
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science can be just as exciting as college sports because of ________.
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competition
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Understaning natural phenomena and involves discovery
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science
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applying scientific knowledge for a specific purpose and embodies inventions
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technology
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New ___________ advance __________.
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Technologies; science
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_______ discoveries lead to new ____________.
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scientific; technologies
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__________ has improved our standard of living, but it is a double-edged sword.
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Technology
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Technology that keeps people ______ has enabled the human population to grow tenfold in the past 300 years.
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healthier
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The _________ consequences of this population growth may be devastating.
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environmental
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A theory is much _______ in scope than a hypothesis.
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broader
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Theories are formed from multiple ____________.
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hypotheses
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Science isn't the only way to understand ________.
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nature
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T/F: Science cannot address every question posed by man.
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True
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________ and ________ are other methods used to understand the world we live in.
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Religion; art
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__________ in the eastern US can be more acidic than vinegar.
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Rain
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About 65% of your weight is
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Oxygen atoms
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causes some insects the ability to walk on water
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surface tension
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In 1981, high numbers of otherwise healthy young men were coming down with extremely ________ diseases.
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rare
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The _______ began tracking them.
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CDC
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This condition, failing immune system, was caused by the human ______________ virus.
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immunodeficiency
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HIV binds to certain molecules found on cells of the immune system called "__________" _____ cells.
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"helper" T
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Take any biological system (or problem) apart, and you eventually end up at the ____________ level.
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chemical
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Anything that occupies space and has mass.
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Matter
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Matter is found on the earth is 3 physical states.
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Solid, Liquid, Gas
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composed of chemical elements
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matter
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substances that cannot be broken down into other substances
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elements
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There are ____ naturally occuring elements on earth.
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92
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required in only very small amounts, but you cannot live without them.
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Trace elements
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Of the 92 naturally occuring elements __ are essential to life.
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25
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Four elements make up ______ % of the weight of the human body. These 4 elements are:
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96; oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
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The use of ____________ in drinking water illustrates the point that organisms are chemical systems.
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flouride
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Flouride-containing chemicals have been added to ___________________ and dental products.
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drinking water
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There has been a sharp decline in _____ ______ in the last few decades due to the use of flouride.
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tooth decay
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Each element consists of one kind of ________.
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atom
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elements can combine to form substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio, also called...
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compounds
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named from a Greek word meaning "indivisible"
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atom
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the smallest usit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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atom
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atoms are composed of ________ particles
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subatomic
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a proton is ___ charged
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+ positively
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an electron is _______charged
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- negatively
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a neutron is _____________.
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electrically neutral.
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Atoms have both protons and neutrons packed tightly together into the __________.
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nucleus
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the atom's central core
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nucleus
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What moves about in defined areas that surround the nucleus?
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electrons
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the number of protons in an atom
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atomic number
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the sum of the number of protons and neutrons
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mass number
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the amount of matter in an object
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mass
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the different _________ of an element have the same numbers of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons
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isotopes
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forms of an element that differ in mass
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isotope
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each isotope of an element behaves the same way in ___________ ______________.
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chemical reactions
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an isotope in which the nucleus decays, giving off particles and energy.
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radioactive isotopes
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The energy emission of radioacctive isotopes can be detected. Biologists often use radioactive isotopes is ____________ and ____________ procedures.
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experiments; diagnostic
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uncontrolled exposure to _______________ ________________ can harm living organisms by damaging DNA.
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radioactive isotopes
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gradually destroys a person's memory and ability to think
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Alzheimer's disease
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In Alzheimer's disease, ________ are deposited in the brain. They can only be seen upon autopsy.
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plaques
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Researchers are developing a way to diagnose AH ______.
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early
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Researchers found a chemical,___________, that travels in blood and binds to the plaques that cause AH
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PIB
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PIB can be synthesized with __________ ____________
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radioactive isotopes
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determines how an atom will behave when it encounters other atoms.
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electrons
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The __________ an electron is from the nucleus, the greater its energy.
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farther
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Electrons move about the nucleus of an atom within specific electron ___________.
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shells/clouds
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The innermost electron shell is full with only ______ electrons; while the second and thirt shells can each hold up to ____ electrons.
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two; eight
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Electrons have a tendency to travel in _________.
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pairs
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Atoms have a tendency to ____ their outermost shells __________.
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fill; completely
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Electron properties form the basis for all _______ _______.
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chemical reactions
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enable atoms to give up or acquired electrons, thereby completing their outer shells.
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chemical reactions
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attractions that hold together atoms
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chemical bonds
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atoms that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons.
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ions
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ionic bonds are formed between __________ charged ions.
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oppositely
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the attraction between oppositely charged ions
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ionic bonds
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forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
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covalent bond
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atoms held together by covalent bonds form a ____________.
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molecule
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Water is a compound in which the electrons in its covalent bonds are _______ ___________.
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shared unequally.
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has opposite charges on opposite ends.
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polar molecule
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The polarity of water results in weak electrical attractions between neighboring water molecules. These interactions are called:
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hydrogen bonds
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Cells constantly ________ molecules by breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones.
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rearrange
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changes in the chemical composition of matter.
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chemical reactions
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The starting materials in chemical reactions
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reactants
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the end materials in chemical reactions
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products
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cannot create or destroy matter, only rearranges it.
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chemical reactions
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Life on earth began in _______ and remained there for 3 billion years
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water
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Modern life still remains tied to _____-.
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water
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Human cells are composed of ___________% water.
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70%-95%
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The abundance of water is a main reason Earth is ___________.
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habitable
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Water is _______.
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unique
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has special properties resulting from its molecular structure that allow life to exist.
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water
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the binding together of like molecules
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cohesion
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water molecules stick together as a result of ________ bonding.
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hydrogen
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cohesion is vital for water _________ in plants.
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transport
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the clinging of one substance to a different substance.
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Adhesion
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another force which helps water defy gravity
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adhesion
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water will _________ to many other substances
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adhere
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the energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules
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heat
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measures the intensity of heat
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temperature
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water can absorb and store ______ amounts of heat while one changing a few degrees in ___________.
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large; temperature
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has a strong resistance to temperature change.
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water
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Earth's giant water supply causes __________ to stay within limits that _________ life.
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temperatures; permit
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when a substance evaporates (changes from liquids to gas), the surface of the remaining liquid is _________, which causes_____________________.
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cooler; evaporative cooling
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removes heat from the earth and from organisms
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evaporative cooling
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When water molecules get cold, they move _________, forming ice.
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apart
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the density of ice is _________ than liquid water.
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lower
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ice floats because it is _______dense than water.
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less
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a liquid consisting of two or more substances evenly mixed.
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solution
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the dissolving agent
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solvent
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dissolved substance
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solute
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water is an __________ solvent
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excellent
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many substances can ________ in water.
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dissolve
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the result when water is the solvent
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aqueous solution
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a chemical compound that releases H + to a solution
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acid
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a chemical compount that accepts H+ and removes it from a solution
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base
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a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution.
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pH scale
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pH >7 is
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basic solution
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pH <7
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acidic solution
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substances that prevent harmful changes in pH by accepting H+ when that ion is in excess and donating H+ when it is depleted.
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buffers
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substances that resist pH change
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buffers
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You are what you______.
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eat
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Americans consume and average of _______ pounds of _____ per person per year.
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140; sugar
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compounds that contain carbon
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organic compounds
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the study of organic compounds
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organic chemistry
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has four electrons in an outer shell that can hold 8.
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carbon
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does not form ionic bonds very often.
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carbon
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can share electrons with other atos to form up to 4 covalent bonds
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carbon
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Carbon can use its bonds to:
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attach to other carbons; form a point of intersection between other atoms; form an endless diversity of molecular skeletons.
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the simplest organic compounds
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hydrocarbons
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organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms
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hydrocarbons
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the simplest hydrocarbon
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methane
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the main molecules in gasoline
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large hydrocarbons
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the parts of fat molecules that provide energy for our bodies
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large hydrocarbons
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each type of organic molecule has a unique 3D ________ that defines its function in an organism.
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shape
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molecules _________ one another based on their shapes
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recognize
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the unique properties of an organic compound depend on:
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its carbon skeleton and the other atoms attached to that skeleton
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the groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
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functional groups
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life's gigantic molecules
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macromolecules
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most macromolecules are _________.
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polymers
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polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called:
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monomers
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cells link monomers by ___________ ____________.
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dehydration reactions
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a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water.
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dehydration reactions
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Organisms also _______________ macromolecules.
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break down
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cells break down macromolecules by a process called _____.
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hydrolysis
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the break with water
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hydrolysis.
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commonly known as "carbs"
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carbohydrates
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include the small sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks as well as the long starchmolecules we comsume in pasta and potatoes
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carbohydrates
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the primary source of energy in animals
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carbohydrates
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simple sugars
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monosaccharides
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a simple carbohydrate
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glucose
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the main fuel source for energy in the cell
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glucose
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the energy in __________ is used to build glucose.
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sunlight
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____________ is responsible for feeding the plant
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photosynthesis
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molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
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isomers
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they have the same formula but their atoms are arranged differently.
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isomers
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in __________ ___________, monosaccarides form rings.
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aqueous solutions
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provide cells with carbon skeletons that can be used as raw material for manufacturing other kinds of organic molecules
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monosaccarides
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double sugar
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disaccharide
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constructed from two monosaccharides through dehydration reaction
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disaccharide
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the most common disaccharide
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sucrose
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common table sugar
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sucrose
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consists of a glucose linked to fructose
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sucrose
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is extracted from sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets
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sucrose
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one of the world's leading markets from sweeteners
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The United States
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Lactose is a __________
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disaccharide
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made up of sugars glucose & galactose
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lactose
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condition where some people have trouble digesting lactose
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lactose intolerance
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people who are lactose intolerant do not produce enough of the enzyme______________.
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lactase
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long chains of sugar units
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polysaccharides
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complex carbs
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polysaccharides
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found in roots and other plant organs
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starch
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consists of many glucose monomers strung together
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starch
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plant cells store starch for ___________
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energy
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animals store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide called __________.
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glycogen
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similar in structure to statch in that it is also a polymer of glucose monomers
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glycogen
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extensively branched
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glycogen
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ours is stored in granules in our liver and muscle cells, which break it down to release glucose when it is needed for energy.
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glycogen
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the most abundant organic compound on earth
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cellulose
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forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells and is a major component of wood
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cellulose
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cannot be broken down by most animals
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cellulose
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grazing animals survive on a diet of cellulose because they have _________ in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose.
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prokaryotes
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"water loving"
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hydrophilic
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adhere water to their surface
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hydrophilic acids
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In recent years many weight loss programs include ___________ carbohydrates
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limiting
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Because most people have a diet consisting mainly of carbs, low carb diets are a valid way to cut ____________.
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calories
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The USDA recommends ______________ ___________ and ___________ to loose weight.
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cutting calories; exercising
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macromolecules that have no polarity
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lipids
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do not mix with water
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lipids
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hydrophobic
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lipids
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diverse set of molecules
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lipids
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consists largely of molecules of triglyceride
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dietary FAT
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a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids
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triglyceride
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perform essential functions in humans
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fats
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the abundance of C-H bonds=
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lots of energy storage
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Fats store _________ as much energy as carbs
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twice
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When animals burn _______, first stored carbs are used, when the carbs are used up, _______ is used.
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energy; fat
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shock absorbers for vital organs
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cushioning fats
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maintenance of a warm body
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insulation fats
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has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the location of the double bond
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unsaturated fats
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have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons and there are no double bonds
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saturated fats
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in this condition, lipid-containing deposits called plaque build up within the walls of blood vessels, reducing blood flow and increasing risk of heart attacks and strokes
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atherosclerosis
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process where unsaturated fats are converted to saturated fats
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hydrogenation
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a type of unsaturated fat that is even more unhealthy than saturated fats
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trans fats
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carbon skeleton is bent to form rings
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steriod
|
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tend to be solid at room temperature
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saturated fats
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|
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double bonds put kinks in the carbon chains of:
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unsaturated fats
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|
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fats with omega-3 fatty acids reduce the risk of:
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heart disease
|
|
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an important component of cell membranes in animals which help to keep the membrane flexible
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cholesterol
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the "base steriod" from which your body produces other different steroids
|
cholesterol
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synthetic variants of testosterone
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anabolic steroids
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causes a general buildup in muscles quickly and enhnces their performance
|
testosterone
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polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
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protein
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perform most of the tasks the body needs to function
|
proteins
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|
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all proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of ______ _______.
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amino acids
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consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners.
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amino acids
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has a unique side goup, giving that amino acid its special chemical properties
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amino acid
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cells link amino acids together by ___________ ________.
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dehydration reactions
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the resulting bond between adjacent amino acids
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peptide bonds
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a chain formed by 100 or more amino acids
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polypeptide
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a slight change affects its ability to function
|
sequence of amino acids
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often used to name a shor polmer or to focus on just the sequence of the longer polymer
|
polypeptide
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a functional molecule
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protein
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can consist of several polypeptides
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protein
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folded and twisted in a specific way
|
protein
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dependent on sequence and shape
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protein function
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unique order of amino acids
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protein structure
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local patterns of structure that can be seen on parts of the chain
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secondary structures
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the overall 3D shape of a protein
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tertiary structure
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two or more polypeptide chains weakly bonded together
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quaternary structure
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sensitive to surrounding environment
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protein's shape
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unfavorable temperature or pH changes can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape
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denaturation
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materials that must be obtained in usable for from food
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essential nutrients
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if an animal is missing an essential nutrient
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malnourished
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a deficiency in protein intake
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kwashiorkor
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information storage molecules
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nucleic acids
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the recipes for building proteins
|
nucleic acids
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DNA
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type of nucleic acid
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RNA
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type of nucleic acid
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The recipe must be translated from the language of ________ __________ to the language of ____________.
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nucleic acid; protein
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polymers of nucleotides
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nucleic acids
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linked into long chains
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nuleotide monomers
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long chains
|
polynucleotides
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repeating pattern of sugar-phosphate-sugar, with the bases hanging off the backbone like appendages
|
sugar-phosphate backbone
|
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two polynucleotides wrapped around each other
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double helix
|
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Its sugar has an extra OH group
|
RNA
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It has the bast uracil instead of thymine
|
RNA
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single stranded
|
RNA
|
|
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If you stacked up 8,000 membranes, they would only be as thick as a _______ in a __________.
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page; book
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The cells of a whale are about the same size as the cells of a ________.
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mouse
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Every _________, your body produces about 2 million red blood cells.
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second
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During a heart attack, your heart muscle cells will die because they are starved for ________.
|
oxygen
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Heart muscle cells __________ regenerate.
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don't
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In recent years, a new treatment call __________ has emerged.
|
"cell therapy"
|
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In "cell therapy", cells are taken from other parts of the body, and delivered to the ailing heart, facilitating ___________.
|
healing
|
|
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Organisms are either:
|
single-celled or multi-celled
|
|
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Most bacteria and protists
|
single-celled
|
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Plants, animals, most fungi
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multi-celled
|
|
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The technology of ________ has made the study of cell biology possible.
|
microscopy
|
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While using a light microscope, what two things happen?
|
1. Light passes through the specimen.
2. Lenses englarge, or magnify, the image. |
|
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an increase in the specimen's apparent size.
|
Magnification
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|
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the abiligy of an optical instrument to show two objects as being separate.
|
resolving power
|
|
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In 1665, cells were first discovered by who?
|
Robert Hooke
|
|
|
Cell theory:
|
1. All living things are composed of cells.
2. All cells are formed from previously existing cells. |
|
|
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons?
|
Electron microscope (EM)
|
|
|
has a higher resolving power than the light microscope
|
Electron microscope (EM)
|
|
|
The electron microscope can magnify up to ________.
|
100,000 X
|
|
|
used to study the detailed architecture of the surface of a cell.
|
Scanning Electron microscope (SEM)
|
|
|
useful for expoloring the internal structure of a cell.
|
Transmission Electron microscope (TEM)
|
|
|
Two major categories of cells:
|
Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic
|
|
|
Are 10 times smaller than eukaryotic cells; lack internal structures surrounded by membranes; no organelles; lack a nucleus
|
Prokaryotic Cells
|
|
|
All cells have a plasma ______________.
|
membrane
|
|
|
the boundary that separates the living cell from its environment
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
The membranes of cells are composed mostly of:
|
phospholipids & proteins
|
|
|
phospholipids form a two-layered membrane called:
|
phospholipid bilayer
|
|
|
most membranes have specific ________ embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
|
proteins
|
|
|
not static sheets of molecules locked rigidly in place
|
membrane
|
|
|
can drift about in the plane of the membrane
|
membrane phospholipids and proteins
|
|
|
A high diversity of proteins exists within the membrane & the proteins can move freely within the membranes.
|
fluid mosaic
|
|
|
Most cells _________ materials that coat their outside surfaces.
|
secrete
|
|
|
external to the plasma membrane
|
cell surfaces
|
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|
helps protect and support cells
|
cell surfaces
|
|
|
Many cells have structures that facilitate _______________ with their neighbors.
|
interactions.
|
|
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Plant cells have cell ________ outside of their membranes.
|
walls
|
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|
protect the cells
|
cell walls
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|
|
maitain their shape
|
cell walls
|
|
|
keeps the cells from absorbing too much water
|
cell walls
|
|
|
made mostly of cellulose- a carb.
|
cell walls
|
|
|
Animal cells have an __________ _____________.
|
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports them.
|
extracellular matrix
|
|
|
manages genetic information
|
nucleus
|
|
|
What contains pieces of DNA which contain genes?
|
nucleus
|
|
|
the DNA is coated with proteins and forms long thin fibers called:
|
chromatin
|
|
|
An individual "chromatin"
|
chromosome
|
|
|
produces TNA parts which will become ribosomes
|
nucleolus
|
|
|
The double membrane that borders the nucleus
|
nuclear envelope
|
|
|
DNA transfers its coded information into ________.
|
RNA
|
|
|
used to make proteins
|
RNA
|
|
|
Ribosomes are the sites of ________________ ________.
|
protein; synthesis
|
|
|
Some ribosomes are free in the _________.
|
cytoplasm
|
|
|
Some ribosomes are attached to the ____________ __________.
|
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
|
|
|
Both __________ & __________ have ribosomes.
|
prokaryotes & eukaryotes
|
|
|
Bacterial ribosomes are targets of ___________.
|
antibiotics.
|
|
|
Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the nuclear envelope make up the:
|
endomembrane system
|
|
|
modifies an enormous variety of proteins that are first made on ribosomes.
|
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
|
|
|
is composed of rough and smooth
|
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
|
|
|
Ribosomes stud the outside of the _________ ER
|
Rough
|
|
|
Functions of the rough ER include:
|
Membrane proteins
secretory proteins new membrane |
|
|
After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule, it packages the molecule into _____________
|
transport vehicles
|
|
|
lacks surface ribosome
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
It produces lipids, including steroids
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
home to enzymes that detoxify foreign molecules
|
smooth ER
|
|
|
works in partnership with the ER
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
|
|
refines, stores, and distributes the chemical products of cells
|
Golgi Apparatus
|
|
|
Membrane-enclosed sacs
|
Lysosomes
|
|
|
contains digestive enzymes
|
Lysosomes
|
|
|
The enzymes break down ____________.
|
macromolecules
|
|
|
have several types of digestive functions
|
lysosomes
|
|
|
fuse with food vacuoles to digest the food
|
lysosomes
|
|
|
engulf damaged organelles, digest them to recycle their components
|
lysosomes
|
|
|
several serious inherited disorders are the result of___________ __________.
|
malfunctioning lysosomes
|
|
|
undigested molecules accumulate due to
|
lysosomes that lack fuctioning enzymes
|
|
|
lipids build up in the brain
|
Tay-Sachs disease
|
|
|
membranous sacs
|
vacuoles
|
|
|
required a constant energy supply to do all the work of life.
|
cells
|
|
|
the sites of photosynthesis
|
chloroplasts
|
|
|
the conversion of light energy to chemical energy
|
photosynthesis
|
|
|
the sites of cellular respiration which involoves the production of ATP from food molecules
|
Mitochondria
|
|
|
contain their own DNA and they move on their own.
|
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
|
|
|
evolved from free-living prokaryotes in the distant past
|
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
|
|
|
an infrastructure of the cell consisting of a network of fibers
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
provides mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
quickly dismantles and reassemles in a different location
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
can change the shape of a cell
|
cytoskeleton
|
|
|
propel the cell in a whip-like motion
|
Flagella
|
|
|
move in coordinated back-and-forth motion
|
Cilia
|
