United States History: Chapter 18

Front 1

Thomas Edison

Back 1

1876: opened an "invention factory" in New Kersey.
-"a minor invention every 10 days and a big thing every 6 months or so"
-Had more than 1,000 inventions

Front 2

US Patent Office

Back 2

-Created by congress
-"promote the Progress of science and useful Arts"
-1860-1930: 1.5 million patents

Front 3

Birth of the Electrical Industry (511)

Back 3

Late 1880s and 1890s Henry Villard and J.P. Morgan bought patents in electric lighting and made the General electric company
-The "black edison" 35 devices vital to electronics and communications

Front 4

"Big thing" project 1878

Back 4

Means for indoor lighting
-perfected the incandescent bulb using tungsten to prevent it from burning up
-Edison Electric Light Company
-1880: Christmas Season he lit up the Menlo Park
-1882: Built a power plant that lighted 85 buildings on Wall Street
-Could only transmit about a mile or 2

Front 5

Henry Ford and the Automobile Industry (512)

Back 5

1885: German engineer built an engine
1890s: Ford experimented with the engine

Front 6

Ford Assembly line (514)

Back 6

1913: first full assembly line began operation

Front 7

the Du Ponts and the Chemical Industry (514)

Back 7

-The chemical industry
-manufacturing gunpowder

Front 8

Technology and Southern Industry (515)

Back 8

-Souths staple crops: tobacco and cotton
-1876: machine for rolling cigs
-1885: began mass production
-Relocated textile industry to the South
-1900: more than 400 textile mills, 4 million spindles
-earned 50 cents a day for 12+ hours of work

Front 9

Consequences of Technology (516)

Back 9

-face to face communication less important
-facilitated correspondence and record-keeping in growing insurance, banking, and advertising firms
-clothing available to almost everyone
-refrigeration changed dietary habits
-cash registers and adding machines revamped accounting and new jobs
-Universities had new programs
-Profits resulted from higher production at lower cost

Front 10

Frederick W. Taylor and Efficiency (516)
-Scientific management

Back 10

-Foreman and engineer for Midvale Steel Company
-"how quickly the various kinds of work...ought to be done"
-eliminating unnecessary workers
-"a series of motions which can be made quickest and best"
-time as much as quality became the measure of acceptable work

Front 11

Mechanization and the Changing Status of Labor (517)

Back 11

1900- technological innovation and assembly-line production created new jobs
-fewer workers could produce more in less time.
-no longer could be called producers were now employees.
-producers paid for quality
-employees paid for time spent on a job

Front 12

Mass Production (517)

Back 12

-required workers to repeat the same standardized operation all day every day.
-deprived employees of their independence (clock regulated them)
-tried to regulate social life but most workers went and hung out at a saloon after work
-Ford offered wages for how many you produced instead of time spent

Front 13

Restructuring of the Work Force (517)

Back 13

-Could hire women and children for lower wages since skilled labor wasn't a requirement
-women started doing clerical work with the invention of typewriters and such
-males dominated managerial ranks though
-mills hired children
-laws specifying minimum ages and maximum workday hours for child labor

Front 14

Industrial Accidents (520)

Back 14

Shirtwaist Company 1911: killed 146 workers

Front 15

Freedom Contract (521)

Back 15

-relationship between employer and employee was like a customer and a seller
-workers entered into a contract with bosses where they "sold" their labor.
-if you didn't like the conditions you could sell your labor elsewhere
-supply and demand to set wages
-

Front 16

Court Rulings on Labor Reform (521)

Back 16

-Holden v. Hardy (1896): court upheld a law regulating miners' working hours, concluding that an overly long workday would increase the threat of injury
-Lochner v. New York (1905): court voided a law limiting bakery workers to a sixty-hour week and ten hour day.
-Muller v. Oregon (1908): used a different rationale to upholda law limiting women in laundries toa ten hour workday

Front 17

Labor Violence and the Union Movement (521)

Back 17

-Some submitted to the demands of the factory
-some tried to blend old ways of working into the new system
-some turned to resistance by quitting, ignoring orders or skipping work

Front 18

Railroad Strikes of 1877 (522)

Back 18

July 1877: unionized railroad wokrers attacked property from pennsylvania and W Virginia to the midwest and california, derailing trains and burning rail yards.
-pittsburgh-worst violence.

Front 19

Knights of Labor (522)

Back 19

-Founded in 1869 by philadelphia garment cutters
-they welcomed unskilled or semiskilled workers including women and african americans but not chinese
-a cooperative society in which laborers not capitalists owned factories mines and railroads

Front 20

Haymarket Riot (523)

Back 20

May 1, 1886 in chicago: 100,000 workers turned out for the largest labor demonstration in the country's history.
-after 2 were killed and several wounded, they rallied at haymarket square to protest police brutality
-a bomb exploded and 7 were killed, 67 injured

Front 21

American Federation of Labor (524)

Back 21

-Founded in 1886
-skilled workers
-Samuel Gompers
-Concrete goals: higher wages, shorter hours, and the right to bargain collectively

Front 22

Homestead Strike (524)

Back 22

AFL affiliated Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers refuse dto accept pay cuts and went on strike
-In response Frick closed down teh plant
-then he hired 300 guards to protect the factory
-after 5 months the workers gave in

Front 23

Pullman Strike (525)

Back 23

-1894 workers at pullman palace (railroad passenger) car company proteste dover exploitative policies at the company town near chicago

Front 24

IWW (525)

Back 24

Colorado miners engaged in struggles and strikes
-formed in 1905
-ideology of socialism
-Members of IWW: Wobblies

Front 25

Women Unionists (526)

Back 25

The Experience of Wage Work (526)

Front 26

Standards of Living (527)

Back 26

-drew isolated communities into the consumer society.

Front 27

Commonplace Luxuries (527)

Back 27

-United States is affluent at this time

Front 28

Cost of Living (529)

Back 28

-wages increased slower than the cost rose

Front 29

Supplements to Family Income (529)

Back 29

-Could send children and women into the labor market
-also could rent rooms to boarders
-

Front 30

Higher life Expectancy (529)
-technology eased some of lifes struggles
-

Back 30

Flush Toilets and Other Innovations (530)