Unit7

Front 1

thermo regulation

Back 1

is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within
certain boundaries, even when temperature surrounding is very different

Front 2

homeostasis

Back 2

ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.

Front 3

tactile

Back 3

refers to the sense of touch.

Front 4

nose

Back 4

The part of the human face or the forward part of the head of other vertebrates that contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.

Front 5

pharynx

Back 5

The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

Front 6

larynx

Back 6

The part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, having walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords enveloped in folds of mucous membrane.

Front 7

trachea

Back 7

A thin-walled, cartilaginous tube descending from the larynx to the bronchi and carrying air to the lungs. Also called windpipe

Front 8

bronchi

Back 8

Either of two main branches of the trachea, leading directly to the lungs.

Front 9

bronchioles

Back 9

Any of the fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus.

Front 10

alveoli

Back 10

small angular cavity or pit, such as a honeycomb cell

Front 11

alveoli

Back 11

A tiny, thin-walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. Also called air sac.

Front 12

diaphragm

Back 12

A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration. Also called midriff

Front 13

red blood cells

Back 13

A cell in the blood of vertebrates that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. In mammals, the red blood cell is disk-shaped and biconcave, contains hemoglobin, and lacks a nucleus. Also called erythrocyte, red cell, red corpuscle.

Front 14

hemoglobin

Back 14

a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues; "fish have simpler hemoglobin than mammals"

Front 15

regulation

Back 15

The capacity of an embryo to continue normal development following injury to or alteration of a structure.

Front 16

ventricle

Back 16

The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and contracts to force it into the aorta

Front 17

arteries

Back 17

Any of the muscular elastic tubes that form a branching system and that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.

Front 18

veins

Back 18

Any of the membranous tubes that form a branching system and carry blood to the heart

Front 19

capillaries

Back 19

One of the minute blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules. These blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the body for the interchange of various substances, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, between blood and tissue cells.

Front 20

atria

Back 20

A body cavity or chamber, especially either of the upper chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins and forces it into a ventricle. Also called auricle

Front 21

valves

Back 21

A membranous structure in a hollow organ or passage, as in an artery or vein, that folds or closes to prevent the return flow of the body fluid passing through it.

Front 22

flock

Back 22

A group of animals that live, travel, or feed together.

Front 23

diastole

Back 23

the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction

Front 24

platlets

Back 24

minute, nonnucleated, disklike cytoplasmic body found in the blood plasma of mammals that is derived from a megakaryocyte and functions to promote blood clotting

Front 25

plasma

Back 25

The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid in which cells are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements.

Front 26

amonia

Back 26

A colorless, pungent gas, NH3, extensively used to manufacture fertilizers and a wide variety of nitrogen-containing organic and inorganic chemicals.

Front 27

urea

Back 27

A water-soluble compound, CO(NH2)2, that is the major nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism and is the chief nitrogenous component of the urine in mammals and other organisms.

Front 28

uric acid

Back 28

semisolid compound, C5H4N4O3, that is a nitrogenous end product of protein and purine metabolism and is the chief nitrogenous component of the urine in birds, terrestrial reptiles, and insects

Front 29

nephron

Back 29

Any of the numerous filtering units of the vertebrate kidney that remove waste matter from the blood

Front 30

filtration

Back 30

The act or process of filtering.

Front 31

small intestines

Back 31

The narrow, winding, upper part of the intestine where digestion is completed and nutrients are absorbed by the blood. It extends from the pylorus to the cecum and consists of the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

Front 32

trypsin

Back 32

A pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to form smaller polypeptide units.

Front 33

phophateases

Back 33

Any of numerous enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of phosphoric acid and are important in the absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phospholipids and in the calcification of bone.

Front 34

lipase

Back 34

Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Front 35

amylase

Back 35

Any of a group of enzymes that are present in saliva, pancreatic juice, and parts of plants and catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to sugar to produce carbohydrate derivatives.

Front 36

bile

Back 36

A bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats.

Front 37

liver

Back 37

A large, reddish-brown, glandular vertebrate organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Front 38

gall bladder

Back 38

A small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.

Front 39

large intestines

Back 39

the last part of the digestive system: the final stage of the alimentary canal in vertebrate animals

Front 40

duodenum

Back 40

the first portion of the small intestine, from the stomach to the jejunum

Front 41

reabsorption

Back 41

the organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation

Front 42

disinfection

Back 42

cleanse so as to destroy or prevent the growth of disease-carrying microorganisms

Front 43

secretion

Back 43

A substance, such as saliva, mucus, tears, bile, or a hormone, that is secreted.

Front 44

osmoregulation

Back 44

Maintenance of an optimal, constant osmotic pressure in the body of a living organism.

Front 45

gastric juice

Back 45

The colorless, watery, acidic digestive fluid that is secreted by various glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and consists chiefly of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin, and mucin.

Front 46

epiglottis

Back 46

The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing

Front 47

esophagus

Back 47

The portion of the digestive canal between the pharynx and stomach, consisting of a cervical part from the cricoid cartilage to the thoracic inlet, a thoracic part from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm, and an abdominal part below the diaphragm to the stomach.

Front 48

parastalsis

Back 48

genetics, a relationship between non-alleles considered to be a form of epistasis.

Front 49

zymogen

Back 49

The inactive or nearly inactive precursor of an enzyme, converted into an active enzyme by proteolysis

Front 50

mouth

Back 50

The cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on the outside by the lips and inside by the oropharynx and containing in higher vertebrates the tongue, gums, and teeth.

Front 51

brain

Back 51

The portion of the vertebrate central nervous system that is enclosed within the cranium, continuous with the spinal cord, and composed of gray matter and white matter.

Front 52

spinal cord

Back 52

The thick, whitish cord of nerve tissue that extends from the medulla oblongata down through the spinal column and from which the spinal nerves branch off to various parts of the body.

Front 53

reflex arc

Back 53

The neural path of a reflex.

Front 54

autonomic

Back 54

Of, relating to, or controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Front 55

somatic

Back 55

Of, relating to, or affecting the body, especially as distinguished from a body part, the mind, or the environment; corporeal or physical

Front 56

dendrite

Back 56

branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body

Front 57

axon

Back 57

threadlike process of a neuron, especially the prolonged axon that conducts nerve impulses.

Front 58

synapse

Back 58

The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

Front 59

myelin sheath

Back 59

The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses

Front 60

nuerotransmitter

Back 60

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that allow the movement of information from one neuron across the gap between it and the adjacent neuron

Front 61

action potential

Back 61

A momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell, that occurs when it is stimulated, resulting in the transmission of an electrical impulse.

Front 62

repolarization

Back 62

The restoration of a polarized state across a membrane, as in a muscle fiber following contraction.

Front 63

hyperpolarization

Back 63

To cause an increase in polarity, as across a biological membrane.

Front 64

skeletal muscle

Back 64

A usually voluntary muscle made up of elongated, multinucleated, transversely striated muscle fibers, having principally bony attachments. Also called striated muscle.

Front 65

smooth muscle

Back 65

Muscle tissue that contracts without conscious control, having the form of thin layers or sheets made up of spindle-shaped, unstriated cells with single nuclei and found in the walls of the internal organs, such as the stomach, intestine, bladder, and blood vessels, excluding the heart.

Front 66

cardiac muscle

Back 66

The specialized striated muscle tissue of the heart; the myocardium.

Front 67

sacomere

Back 67

One of the segments into which a fibril of striated muscle is divided.

Front 68

sacroplasmic reticulum

Back 68

The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains large stores of calcium, which it sequesters and then releases when the cell is depolarised

Front 69

myosin

Back 69

The commonest protein in muscle cells, responsible for the elastic and contractile properties of muscle. It combines with actin to form actomyosin.

Front 70

troponin

Back 70

A calcium-regulated protein in muscle tissue occurring in three subunits with tropomyosin.

Front 71

skin

Back 71

The membranous tissue forming the external covering or integument of an animal and consisting in vertebrates of the epidermis and dermis.

Front 72

symbiotic bacteria

Back 72

are bacteria living in symbiosis with another organism or each other

Front 73

t cells

Back 73

Any of the lymphocytes that mature in the thymus and have the ability to recognize specific peptide antigens through the receptors on their cell surface.

Front 74

supplements

Back 74

Something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency, or extend or strengthen the whole.

Front 75

antibiotics

Back 75

A substance, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria, and other organisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Antibiotics are widely used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

Front 76

vaccines

Back 76

Inoculation with a vaccine in order to protect against a particular disease.

Front 77

hypothalamus

Back 77

The part of the brain that lies below the thalamus, forming the major portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon and functioning to regulate bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities.

Front 78

insulin

Back 78

polypeptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans and functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.

Front 79

pancreas

Back 79

long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream

Front 80

hormone

Back 80

substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced by one tissue and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism.

Front 81

epinephrine

Back 81

A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress, as from fear or injury

Front 82

steroid

Back 82

Any of numerous naturally occurring or synthetic fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings and including the sterols and bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones, certain natural drugs such as digitalis compounds, and the precursors of certain vitamins.

Front 83

anatomy

Back 83

The bodily structure of a plant or an animal or of any of its parts.

Front 84

ovary

Back 84

The usually paired female or hermaphroditic reproductive organ that produces ova and, in vertebrates, estrogen and progesterone.

Front 85

uterus

Back 85

A hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals in which the fertilized egg implants and develops

Front 86

cervix

Back 86

A neck-shaped anatomical structure, such as the narrow outer end of the uterus

Front 87

egg

Back 87

A female gamete; an ovum

Front 88

epididymis

Back 88

long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens

Front 89

sperm

Back 89

A male gamete or reproductive cell

Front 90

spermatogenesis

Back 90

Formation and development of spermatozoa by meiosis and spermiogenesis.

Front 91

estrogen

Back 91

Any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.

Front 92

ovulation

Back 92

Discharge of an ovum or ovule from the ovary

Front 93

fertilization

Back 93

The act or process of initiating biological reproduction by insemination or pollination.

Front 94

gastrula

Back 94

An embryo at the stage following the blastula, consisting of a hollow, two-layered sac of ectoderm and endoderm surrounding an archenteron that communicates with the exterior through the blastopore.

Front 95

organogenesis

Back 95

The formation and development of the organs of living things.

Front 96

ectoderm

Back 96

The outermost of the three primary germ layers of an embryo, from which the epidermis, nervous tissue, and, in vertebrates, sense organs develop.

Front 97

mesoderm

Back 97

The middle embryonic germ layer, lying between the ectoderm and the endoderm, from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop

Front 98

kinesis

Back 98

Movement or activity of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light.

Front 99

taxis

Back 99

The responsive movement of a free-moving organism or cell toward or away from an external stimulus, such as light.

Front 100

agonistic

Back 100

social animals, fighting and escape behavior common in males during the rutting season.