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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The apex of the heart is placed where in left ventricular hypertrophy?
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Laterally and inferiorly placed
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What are the only vessels that carry deoxygenated blood?
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pulmonary arteries
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What arteries branch from the sinuses of Valsalva during diastole?
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Coronary arteries
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Which area of the heart is the thickest?
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Left ventricle
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What are the layers of the pericardial sac, from out to in?
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Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous pericardium Pericardial cavity (with fluid) Visceral layer of serous pericardium |
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What are the layers of the heart, from out to in?
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Epicardium
Myocardium Fibrous skeleton Endocardium |
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What two things do sarcomeres contain?
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Actin
Myosin |
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What are the layers of arteries, from in to out?
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Tunica intima
Tunica media Tunica externa Serosa |
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What vessels are responsible for final exchange of chemicals at tissue/organ sites?
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Capillaries
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What drives the heartbeat?
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Automaticity of SA node
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What is the equation for blood pressure?
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Cardiac output x peripheral resistance
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What scenarios elevate BP?
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Flow without relaxation of vasculature
Resistance with no change of output |
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What does ionotropic mean?
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Affects contractility
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What does chronotropic mean?
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Affects speed of heart beat
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What does pre-load mean?
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End-diastolic tension against the walls of the ventricles (muscle fiber stretch)
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What does afterload mean?
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Resistance to ventricular ejection (peripheral resistance)
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What is the equation for cardiac output?
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Stroke volume x HR
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What is the Law of Laplace?
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The smaller the radius of a vessel, the lower the required pressure to negate the distending pressure
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What are the neurologic factors that control BP?
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B1 & B2 adrenergic activity, Neuropeptide Y
Baroreceptors in carotid sinuses and aortic arch |
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What are the endothelial factors that control BP?
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Nitric oxide
Prostacyclin Thromboxane A2 |
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What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?
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Diastole
Systole Isovolumetric contraction Isovolumetric relaxation |
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S1 correlates with the closing of what?
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AV valves
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S2 correlates with the closing of what?
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Semilunar valves
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