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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Louis XVI & Marie Antoinetter |
Louis -not a strong ruler, hurt the economy and peasant -called the Estates General, separated each estate -The Great Fear: sent troops to protect aristocratic goods, peasant hysteria-placed in de facto captivity -signed everything the assembly have him to make new laws-Flight to Varennes: Louis tres to escape-tried for treason and beheaded under Robespierre
Marie- Austrian princess, married to Louis XVI -The Woman We Love to Hate, the Austrian *****-Women's bread March: she walked out and bowed to crowd who went silent, placed in captivity-Flight to Varennes: tried to escape with Louis XVI -tried for treason and head cutoff by guillotine |
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The old Regime |
The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution
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The Three estates |
They consisted of the Roman Catholic Clergy; they received special privileges and paid no direct taxes
1-2% of the population; wealthy nobles; held high government positions and paid few taxes, if any. 98% of the population made up of bourgeoisie as well as other merchants and artisans and the peasantry |
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Estates general |
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. Fights broke out over whether voting should be by "head" or the traditional custom of each estate getting one vote. The traditional version was decided upon. The Third Estate arrived one day to find themselves locked out, at which they went next door to a hand-ball court and swore to become the National Assembly, which wouldn't rest until reforms were made. |
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Abbe Emmanuel Joeseph Sieyes |
He wrote, "What is the Third Estate?," a political pamphlet that criticized noble and clerical privileges. He supported the formation of a national assembly and helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in 1791.
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Tennis court oath |
When the National Assembly stormed out of the Estates-General meeting and pledge not to adjourn until a constitution for France had been written.
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National Assembly |
The political body created on June 17, 1789, by the Third Estate. It claimed to be the true representative of French citizens compared to an absolute monarchy.
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Storming of the Basitille |
A royal armory that served as a prison to a handful of debtors. The citizens of Paris stormed it, expressing how the people of France had taken politics into their own hands. They considered it their right to seize arms in order to protect their interests. The revolutionary militia would come to be known as the "National Guard."
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DEclartion of the rights of man |
A document like the Declaration of Independence that drew on Enlightenment ideals. It was the predecessor of the French Constitution of 1791. It declared that all men in France were equal and the clergy and nobility no longer had privileges.
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Womens march |
march of Parisian women to Versailles because of inflated bread prices. Brings the King back to Paris making him a "prisoner" of the revolution
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Jean Paul Marat |
A leading member of the Jacobin party who was killed by Girondin, Charlotte Corday.
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Legislative assembly |
The Constitution of 1791 gave the French people the right to form a legislative assembly. It was ineffective because of political differences between the Jacobins and the Girondins.
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Jacobins |
Political group that existed after the king was overthrown. They wanted radical changes in France based on Enlightenment ideals. Left on the political spectrum.
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Maximilian Robespierre |
Leader of the Jacobin party who formed the Committee of Public Safety to hunt out counterrevolutionaries. He then became the leader of the Reign of Terror. He wanted extreme and radical changes in France.
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Georges Danton |
French revolutionary leader who stormed the Paris bastille and who supported the execution of Louis XVI but was guillotined by Robespierre for his opposition to the Reign of Terror (1759-1794)
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National Convention |
The political system in France from September 20, 1792 until October 26, 1795. It was made up of the Constitutional Assembly and the Legislative Assembly.
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Sans-culottes |
Regular commoners of France, worked with their hands, killed the prisoners in the September Massacres
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Committee of Public Safety |
Committee formed by the Jacobins to hunt out counterrevolutionaries.
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Reign Of Terror |
Time period in France when thousands of people were executed after being accused of being counterrevolutionaries. It was a time that did not reflect the ideals of the Enlightenment that the revolution had fought for.
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Guillotine |
Humane execution device inspired by the Enlightenment that would swiftly kill the prisoner rather than expose him to a great deal of torture and suffering.
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The Directory |
A parliament-like body effectively governed France and kept it from being overthrown by royalist resurgence or popular insurrection. It only lasted from 1795 to 1799.
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Coup d'Etat Brumaire |
the sudden overthrow of the French Government by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1799.
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Napoleon Bonaprte |
Military leader during the revolution who came to power after the Directory. He would become dictator of France.
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Napoleonic Code |
a comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon; sectioned into five groups: civil, civil procedure, criminal, penal, and commercial.
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Imperial Nobility |
banished the old nobility and lead to nobility by merit not by name |
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Concordat of 1801 |
The agreement between Pope Pius VII and Napoleon that healed the religious division in France by giving the French Catholics free practice of their religion and Napoleon political power
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Treaty of Ameins |
The Napoleonic wars had reached a point where France and England concluded that further fighting was useless. Under the terms of the treaty, all of England's conquests were surrendered to France, but Napoleon Bonaparte waited on signing because he still hoped to retain Egypt.
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Lord Horatio Nelson |
British admiral who led Britain to many important victories over the French. He crushed the French in Egypt at Abukir and destroyed French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar, where he died in battle.
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Treaty of Tilsit |
The peace treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition, which confirmed France's gains. Prussia lost half its territory, and Prussia openly and Russia secretly became allies of Napoleon. Napoleon then reorganized conquered Europe under his reign
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Continental System |
The system organized by Napoleon that intended to cripple Britain economically. He hoped to cut off British trade with the European continent. Britain survived proving the success of their markets in North and South America; it also badly hurt European economies, greatly injuring trade in France; this led to Napoleon's ruin
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Peninsular War |
The war of liberation in Spain where they fought back against French oppression. Britain sent reinforcements to the Spainish which drained French strength from elsewhere in Europe
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Russian Campaign |
Russian leaders were never convinced of their alliance with Napoleon and eventually withdrew from the Continental System. Napoleon organized a army to defeat Russian military forces. Russia retreated, but destroyed all food and supplies as they did, leaving the Grand Army with no supplies. They eventually fought a battle outside Moscow where both armies suffered terrible losses. Napoleon tried to negoltiate peace settlements with the tsar, but he refused. Napoleon returned to Paris, abandoning his army in Russia.
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War of the fourth coalition |
In 1813 patriotic pressure and national ambition brought together the last and most powerful coalition against Napoleon. The Russians drove westward, and Prussia and Austria joined them. Britain assisted financially; Spain marched into France. Napoleon struggled to wage a skillful campaign, and was eventually defeated at Leipzig; Napoleon was exiled to the island of Alba after Paris was taken |
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Quadruple alliance |
The alliance between England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, which was created March 9, 1814 and later renewed November 20, 1815 after Napoleon's second exile. It's two main purposes were to keep the peace and pursue victory over France.
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Bourbon Restoration |
The re-establishment of the Bourbons to lands they had lost from the French Revolution/Napoleonic eras. Primarily referring to Louis XVIII's placement on the French Throne in 1815. (but could include Ferdinand VII's restoration to Spanish throne in 1814, and Ferdinand I's restoration as king of Naples and Sicily
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Congress of Vienna |
Assembled in September 1814, but did not conclude its work until November 1815. The four great powers conducted the important work of the conference. Thye agreed no one single state should be allowed to dominate Europe so they were determined to keep France from doing so again. They also strengthened the states around France's borders to serve as barriers. Some of the settlements divided the rulers between the land distribution and ruling.
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Klemens von Metternich |
The Austrian foreign minister who would have been glad to make a negotiated peace that would leave Napoleon on the throne of a shrunken and chastened France rather than see Russia dominate Europe.
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The "hundred Days" |
After being exiled to the island of Elba, Napoleon returned to France upon hearing of tension in France and with large-scale popular support he regained control.
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Battle of Waterloo |
Wellington, with the crucial help of the Prussians under Field Marshal von Blucher, defeated Napoleon at this battle in Belgium on June 18, 1815. Napoleon was then exiled to Saint Helena, a tiny island off the coast of Africa, where he later died.
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Duke of Wellington |
military leader who led the army to victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo
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Concert of Europe |
The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna. (How long it lasted depends upon which history book you are reading).
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Holy Alliance |
Proposed by Alexander, whereby the monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian principles. Austria and Prussia signed, but Castlereagh thought it absurd, and England abstained.
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