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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of inflammation and immunity?
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-the meet the human need for protection by neutralizing, eliminating, and destroying organisms that invade the body
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What does inflammation or "natural immunity" do to the body?
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-provides immediate protection against effects of tissue injury and foreign proteins.
-critical to health and well-being -causes visiable symptoms -can rid the body of harmful organisms -tissue damage may result from too much inflammatory response. -kick starts the inflammatory response -does not provide true immunity |
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What is an Infection
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-ocurs in response to tissue injury and invasion of organisms
-infection usally occurs with inflammation -inflammation can occur w/o infection -inflammation does not always mean that infection is present |
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Neutrophils form how much of the WBC, where do they come from and what do they complete?
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-55-70% of normal total WBC
-come from the stem cells -complete maturation process in the stem cells -also called granulocytes |
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segs
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-segmented neutrophils
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polys or PMN's
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due to segmented nucleus
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bands
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due to nuclear shape and they are less mature neutrophils
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Neutrophils function?
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-provide protection from invaders in the body
->100 billion fresh MATURE neutrophils are relased from the bone marrow daily -life span is short 12-18 hrs -always on alert -the # of mature neutrophils are used to measure patient's risk for infection -the higher the # the greater the resistance to infection |
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What is the ANC?
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-absolute neutrophil count
-the higher the # the greater the resistance to infection |
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How are neutophils destroyed?
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phagocytosis and enzyme digestion
-only mature ones can take place in phagocytosis and only 1 phagocytosis |
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Differential
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-shows the # and % of many different types of circulating leukocytes
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What is a cause for a neutrophil to change from being mostly segs to mostly bands
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sepsis
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Left shift
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-most mature neutrophils no longer the most numerous
-these neutrophils are at the far right of the "neutrophil pathway" -less mature (bands) are to theleft of it. |
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What does the left shif indicate?
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-that a patient's bone morrow cannot produce enought mature neutrophils to keep up with the infection
-is releasing immature neutrophils into the blood -no benefit-immature (bands) do not phagocytose the invaders |
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Macrophages
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-work in immediate inflammatory response
-also stimulate longer-lasting immune responses of anti-body mediate immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) -***inflammatory function is phagocytosis -very effective at trapping invading cells -have long life spans -****each macrophages can take place in many phagocytic events |
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Why don't we need as many macrophages?
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-because each macrophage can take place in many phagocytic events
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Basophils
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-have granules that contain chemicals that act on blood vessels
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What are some chemicals that basophils contain?
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-heparin
-histamine -serotonin -kinins -leukotrienes |
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What does kinins, heparin, & histamin do?
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kinins-dilate arterioles, increase cap permeability-blood plasma leaks into intersitital spaces (edema)
-heparin-inhibits blood clotting -histamine-constricts small veins-inhibits blood flow, decreases venous return and causes blood to collect in capillarties and arterioles (edema, reddness) |
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Eosinophils
-what is % in body -whats it act against |
-only 1-2% of total WBC
-act against infestations of parasitic larve -release substances that induce inflammation -increase during allergic reaction |
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Phagocytosis
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-key process of inflammation
-engulfing and destruction of invaders -rids body of debris after tissue injury -neutrophils and macrophages best at doing this |
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7 Steps of phagocytosis
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-expose and invasion
-attraction -adherence -recognition -cellular ingestion -phagosome formation -degradation |
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Step 1 of phagocytosis is exposure and invasion, what is this?
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-foreign invader comes into body
-meets up with the leukocytes -injury or invasion triggers this |
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Step 2 of phagocytosis is attraction, what is this?
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-WBC comes into direct contact with the invader
-chemotaxins-substances that attract neutrophils and macrophages -damaged tissues and blood vessels secrete chemotoxins |
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Step 4 of phagocytosis is recognition, what is it?
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-phagocytic cell sticks to and recognizes it as "non-self"
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Step 5 of phagocytosis is cellular ingestion, what is it?
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-invader must be inside of cell in order to be destroyed
-engulfment takes place |
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Step 6 of phagocytosis is phagosome formation, what is it?
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-phagocyte's granules inside break and relase enzymes that attack the ingested target
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Step 7 of phagocytosis is degradation, what is it?
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-final step
-enzymes digest the engulfed target -target broken into smaller particles |
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Step 3 of phagocytosis is Adherence, what is it?
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WBC's must stick to the invader
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Sequence of Inflammatory Response
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-Stage I-vascular, change in blood vessels
-Stage II-cellular exudate -Stage III - tissue repair and replacement |
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Stage I of inflammatory response is vascular, what happens?
What is the main cell type involved in this phase? |
-constriction small veins
-dilation of arterioles which increase blood flow which makes redness, warmth -capillary leak also cause edema -24-72 hrs -macrophage main cell at this stage |
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Stage II of the inflammatory response is cellular exudate, what is it?
What main cell type is involved in this phase? |
-pus-dead WBC's, necrotic tissue, fluids from damaged cells
-neutrophilia |
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Stage III of the inflammatory response is tissue repair and replacement, what is it?
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-inflammation alone cannot provide immunity
-long-lasting immunity through antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity |
