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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common solvent
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water
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Water is a _____ molecule.
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polar
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Hydrogen bonds ______ polar water molecules
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attract
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What percent of the body is water?
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50-60
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What is the daily requirement of water?
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900-1200g/day or 8 glasses
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What are the functions of water in the body?
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Solvent, cellular building block, coolant, transport medium, metabolism
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Relative volume of water Intercellular fluid
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55%
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Relative volume of water Extracellular fluid
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41%
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Relative volume of water Plasma
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4%
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What is the boiling and freezing points of water?
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100 c boiling, 0 c freezing
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What is the density of water?
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1.0g/ml
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Water is ____ dense when it freezes?
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less
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Water is a ______ sovent.
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powerful
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Water _________ conduct electricity
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does not
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What is the stability of water?
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Very stable
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Water reacts with ________ to form acids.
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nonmetal oxides
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Water reacts with _________ to form bases
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metal oxides
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_______ undo hydrogen bonding.
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Surfectants
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Surface tension is created because water molecules at surface cannot hydrogen bond__________.
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above the surface
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Types of natural water
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rainwater, ground water, sea water, lake water
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Types of tap water
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filtered and chlorinated
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Hard water contains _____ and ________ compounds
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magnesium, calcium
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Magnesium and calcium prevent soap from _____ and react with soap to produce _________
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lathering, hard scum
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Sterile water contains no _______
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micro organisms
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Distillation removes most ________
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mircro organisms
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A condenser is a what?
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long glass tube surrounded by anotehr glass tube through which cold water runs
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Boiling kills most micro organisms but does not what?
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remove them
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Deionization only removes what from water, and does not remove what?
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ions, bacteria
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In deionization contaminants are removed by what?
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cation and anion resin in exchanges
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Deionized water is used in ________.
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Labs
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Aeration is the process by which water is purified how?
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By exposing it to air for a period of time, dissolves in the water and destroys the bacteria
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Combination purification processes include what?
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distillation and deionization
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What is a solution?
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Homogeneous mixtures of 2 or more substances
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What is a solute?
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the substance in a lesser amount
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What is a solvent?
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the substance in the greater amount
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What is hydration?
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when molecules dissassociate in water
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What is the saturation point?
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point at which a solute will no longer dissolve in solvent
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What is solvation?
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when molecules dissassociate in another liquid (not water)
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What is solubility?
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the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a specific amount of solvent, usually 100g.
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The solubility of most liquids usually _______ with an increase in temperature.
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increase
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How do you express the amount of solute in solution as a percentage?
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Grams of solute x 100= % of solute present in 100ml
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What is saturated?
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Solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve
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What is unsaturated?
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Solution does not contain all the solute that could dissolve
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What are the 3 colligative properties of solutions?
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1) boiling point of solvent is increase when a solute is added
2) Freezing point of solvent is decreased when a solute is added 3) Osmosis |
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What is osmosis?
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Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from weaker solution to stronger solution until equalibrium is released
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What is Isotonic? What will happen to the RBC?
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Same concentration as RBC's (.9%); Osmosis will occur between RBC and Saline
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What is Hypotonic? What will happen to the RBC?
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Lower solute concentration than RBC's; Water will go into cell, cell will burst
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What is Hypertonic? What will happen to the RBC?
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Higher solute concentration than RBC's; Water will leave cell, cell will shring and be destroyed
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What are the 4 types of liquid mixtures?
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Solution, Suspension, Colloids, Emulsions
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What is a solution?
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Homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances evenly distributed.
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What is a suspension?
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Consists of insoluable substances dispersed in a liquid. Heterogeneous, not clear, settles out
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What is a colloid?
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Mixture consisting of any particles suspended in a liquid. Particles either + or -
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Brownian Motion
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Particles in constant and irregular motion
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Tyndall Effect
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Particles in the colloid will reflect and refract light
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Miscible
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2 solutions or liquids soluble in each other
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Immiscible
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2 solutions or liquids that are not soluble in each other
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Emulsions
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Consists of a liquid suspended in a liquid
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Particles in a solution are _______.
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small
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Particles in a colloid are _______.
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medium
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Particles in a Suspension are ________.
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large
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pH indicates what?
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The acidity of a solution.
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The higher the H+ the _______ the ______.
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stronger, acid
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The lower the [H+] the _______ the ________.
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stronger, base
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pH + pOH =
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14
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> 7.0 = ?
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base
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< 7.0 = ?
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acid
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7.0 =
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neutral
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Acids _____ a proton
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donate
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What are the chemical properties of acids?
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burns skin, dissolves, fabric, corrodes metal, reacts with metals to produce a salt and hydrogen gas
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hydrocloric acid
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gastric juice
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absorbic acid
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vitamin c
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acetylsalicylic acid
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aspirin
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hypocloric acid
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clorox
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sulfuric acid
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batteries
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Bases are proton _____.
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acceptors
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Physical properties of bases?
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slippery, bitter taste
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Chemical properties of bases?
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burns skin, reacts with some metals to form hydrogen gas.
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Use of Sodium Hydroxide "lye"?
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Used to make soap and breakdown fats in clogged drains
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Use of magnesium hydroxide?
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"milk of magnesia" in dilute solutions used as stomach antacid, in suspension with water used as a laxative
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Use of Ammonium Hydroxide?
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household ammonia, also used as smelling salts
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What is a neutralization reactions.
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when a strong acid reacts with a strong base, the product of this will have a pH of 7
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What is an electrolyte?
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A substance that will conduct electricity when dissolved in water
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What is ionization?
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the process that produces free ions in solution
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What is a buffer?
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A solution that will resist change in pH when small amounts of acids or bases are added
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Buffers are found in all _____ _______ and help maintain proper _____
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body solutions; pH
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What is the normal blood pH?
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7.35-7.45
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Buffers exist in ____ _____ pairs.
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acid; base
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What are the 2 organs that maintain pH?
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Kidneys, lungs
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What are the 4 biochemical systems that maintain pH?
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1) phosphate buffers
2) carbonate buffers 3) hemoglobin buffers 4) protein buffers |
