Unit I: Tour Of The Cell

Front 1

evolution

Back 1

the process of changing that transforms life on Earth from earliest beginnings to diverse organism today

Front 2

biology

Back 2

scientific study of life

Front 3

emergent properties

Back 3

not present at the preceding level, due to arrangement and interactions of parts as it becomes more complex

Front 4

reductionism

Back 4

reducing complex systems to simpler components

Front 5

systems biology

Back 5

model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems by looking at interactions between parts

Front 6

Level of biological organization

Back 6

the biosphere
ecosystems
communities
populations
organisms
organs and organ systems
tissues
cells
organelles
molecule

Front 7

ecosystems

Back 7

all living things in a particular area with nonliving components

Front 8

communities

Back 8

all organisms in an ecosystem, species

Front 9

populations

Back 9

all living individuals within a specific area, especific species

Front 10

organisms

Back 10

individual living things

Front 11

organs and organ systems

Back 11

consists of tissues, each team of organs cooperate in a larger function

Front 12

tissues

Back 12

made of a group of cells that work together, perform special function, distant cell structure

Front 13

cells

Back 13

fundamental unit of structure, division of labor

Front 14

organelles

Back 14

components of cell

Front 15

molecule

Back 15

chemical structure consisting of 2 or more chemical units

Front 16

eukaryotic cell

Back 16

internal membranes, organelles, largest organelle is nucleus

Front 17

prokaryotic cell

Back 17

lack some membrane bound organelles, no nucleus

Front 18

bioinformatics

Back 18

use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze huge volume of data

Front 19

negative feedback

Back 19

accumulation of an end product of a process, slows process

Front 20

positive feedback

Back 20

end product speeds up its own production

Front 21

cytosol

Back 21

semifluid, jellylike, sbucellular components float in`

Front 22

plasma membrane

Back 22

selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service entire cell

Front 23

selective permeability

Back 23

allows some substance to cross it more easily than others

Front 24

amphipathic molecule

Back 24

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Front 25

fluid mosaic model

Back 25

membrane is a fluid with a structure of different proteins embedded in the membrane

Front 26

integral proteins

Back 26

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer, transmembrane proteins, span the membrane, others extend only partway into the hydrophobic interior

Front 27

peripheral proteins

Back 27

not embedded in the lipid bilayer, loosely bound o the surface of membrane

Front 28

Functions of membrane proteins

Back 28

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, inter cellular joining, attachments to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Front 29

transport

Back 29

provided channel across the membrane

Front 30

enymatic actibity

Back 30

carry out steps of metabolic pathway

Front 31

signal transduction

Back 31

have binding site that fits with chemical messenger, relay message

Front 32

cell to cell recogntion

Back 32

glycoprotiens serve as ID tags

Front 33

intercellular joining

Back 33

membrane proteins hook together indifferent type of junctions

Front 34

attachments to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Back 34

maintain cell shape, stabilize location of membrane proteins

Front 35

transport proteins

Back 35

channel proteins, having a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel

Front 36

aquaporins

Back 36

allow entry up to 3x10^9 water molecules per second

Front 37

diffusion

Back 37

the movement of molecules of any substrate so they spread out evenly into the available space

Front 38

concentration gradient

Back 38

region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases, no work must be done to make this happen, spontaneious

Front 39

passive transport

Back 39

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane, cell does not expend energy

Front 40

osmosis

Back 40

movement of water across cell membranes, diffusion of free water across selectively permeable membrane

Front 41

tonicity

Back 41

ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water, depends on concentration of solutes that can't cross membrane relative to inside

Front 42

isotonic

Back 42

no net movement across plasma membrane, volume of cell is stable

Front 43

hypertonic

Back 43

more solutes inside, cell will lose water

Front 44

osmoregulation

Back 44

control of solute concentrations and water balance

Front 45

plasmolysis

Back 45

causes the plant to wilt and can lead to plant death, plasma membrane pull away from cell wall when immersed into hypertonic solution

Front 46

active transport

Back 46

pump a solute across a membrane against its gradient, requires work, cell must expend energy

Front 47

sodium potassium pump

Back 47

exchange Na for K across plasma membrane

Front 48

membrane potential

Back 48

voltage across a membrane, favors the passive transport of cations into cell and anions out of cell

Front 49

electrochemical gradient

Back 49

combination of ion's concentration gradient and effect of membrane potential

Front 50

electrogenic pump

Back 50

transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane

Front 51

proton pump

Back 51

main electrogenic pump of plants (H+ ions)

Front 52

cotransport pump

Back 52

single ATP powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism

Front 53

exocytosis

Back 53

cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane

Front 54

endocytosis

Back 54

cell takes in biological molecules by forming new vesicles from plasma membrane

Front 55

3 types of endocytosis

Back 55

phagocytosis (cellular eating), pinocytosis (cellular drinking), receptor mediate endocytosis

Front 56

mitochondria

Back 56

sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats and other fuels

Front 57

chloroplasts

Back 57

found in plant cells, cites of photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical energy, absorb sunlight and using it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds

Front 58

endosymbiont theory

Back 58

early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed oxygen using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, the cell formed a relationship with the host cell, became a cell living within the cell, merged into a single organism

Front 59

cristae

Back 59

innermembrane convoluted with foldings

Front 60

mitochondrial matrix

Back 60

contains enzymes, mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, enzymes in matrix help catalyze some steps n cellular respiration

Front 61

thylakoids

Back 61

flattened sacs, store chlorophyll

Front 62

granum

Back 62

stacks of thylakoids

Front 63

stroma

Back 63

fluid outside thylakoids, contain DNA, ribosomes an enzymes

Front 64

3 compartments of chloroplasts

Back 64

intermembrane space, stroma, thylakod space

Front 65

peroxisome

Back 65

specialized metabolic compartment bound by a single membrane contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms form various substrates and transfer them to oxygen, use oxygen to break fatty acids down, detoxify harmful compounds, converts toxic peroxide to water

Front 66

cytoskeleton

Back 66

network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments, mechanical support, anchors internal cellular components, movement of cell from palce to place, movement within the cell

Front 67

mictrotubules

Back 67

hollow rods measuring about 25nm in diameter from 200 nm to 25um wall of hollow tube made from tubulin proteins (dimer) molecule made of 2 subunits alpha and beta tubulin, microtubules grow in length by adding tubulin dimers, cell shape and organization of cytoplasmic cmponents, track for movement of cellular components, resiste pressure

Front 68

centrosome

Back 68

region located near nucleus, "microbutbule organizing center"

Front 69

centrioles

Back 69

nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

Front 70

basal body

Back 70

microtubule assembly of cilium of flagellum anchored by this which is similar to centriole

Front 71

dyenins

Back 71

pairs of protruding proteins space along its length and reaching toward neighboring doublet, cmposed of several polypeptides

Front 72

microfiliaments

Back 72

solid rods about 7nm in diameter, actin filaments, made from actin molecules, globular protein, twisted double chain of actin subunits, bear tension (pulling forces), help support cell's shape, microvili, transport of cellular components over short distances, cell motility (cell crawling)

Front 73

myosin

Back 73

thicker filaments of protein

Front 74

cytoplasmic streaming

Back 74

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, speeds distribution of materials within cell

Front 75

intermediate filatments

Back 75

larger than micro filaments, smaller than microtubules, consistent in diameter and composition,"", more permanent fixtures, cell shape, resist tesnsion, cel and nuclear anchorage, formation of nuclear lamina

Front 76

phagocytosis

Back 76

food or particle gets internalized, creates psuedopodium, surrounds molecule, pinches off membrane, create food vacuole

Front 77

pinocytosis

Back 77

pinches off membrane surrounding molecules creating vesicle, nonspecific, recycles the membrane

Front 78

receptor mediated endocytosis

Back 78

similar vesicle to pinocytosis, specific receptors catch certain molecules, receptors create signal for invagination, coated vesicle

Front 79

extra cellular matrix

Back 79

glycoproteins, carbohydrate containing molecule secred by cells

Front 80

collagen

Back 80

glycoprotien, forms strong fivers outside of cells, 40% of total protein in human body

Front 81

proteoglycons

Back 81

molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached

Front 82

fibronectin

Back 82

cell surface receptor proteins to attach membrane to ECM

Front 83

integrins

Back 83

cell proteins built into the plasma membrane, bind on their cytoplasmic side to proteins attaached to cyroskleton