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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Josiah Strong
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-author of Our Country
-supported the idea of Anglo-Saxon superiority -American minister in the late 1800s -linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas |
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Alfred Mahan
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-author of "The Influence of Sea Power on History"
-American Naval officer -his theories started the naval races between countries |
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Richard Olney
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-noted that the Interstate Commerce Act could be ---used by the railroads
-Attorney General -helped to stop the Pullman Strike -Secretary of State under President Cleveland -declared to the British that by trying to dominate Venezuela they were violating the Monroe Doctrine. U.S. mediated the Veneauelan boundary dispute. |
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British Guiana
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-border disputes between the Venezuela and this -British-controlled country
-caused America's anti-British sentiments to flair in 1895-1896. |
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Great Rapprochement
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-era of conciliation and cordiality between the United States and Great Britain
-following a dispute over the gold-rich boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela -Great Britain eased from the conflict and decided to cultivate friendship and diplomatic cooperation with the United States. |
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Queen Liliuokalani
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-Hawaiian queen
-dethroned by a revolution started by American business interests |
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Hawaiian planter "revolt"(1893)
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-successful revolt
-organized by a tiny minority of desperate whites who wanted US control in Hawaii -assisted by American troops who landed under the unauthorized orders of the expansionist American minister in Honolulu |
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General Weyler
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-Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt
- used "brutal" methods -caused uproar in the United States and sparked immediate action to help the Cubans. |
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Frederic Remington
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-artist
-sent by Hearst to draw sketches of the stories reported by yellow journalists |
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USS Maine
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-U.S. Battleship
-exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898 -Spanish military framed by Yellow Journalism for causing explosion -fuel for cause of American-Spanish War |
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"Wobbly Willie"
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-Mckinley
-25th President of the United States -assassinated in September 1901 |
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Teller Amendment
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-drafted by Henry M. Teller
-declared that the US had no desire for control in Cuba and pledged the US would grant Cuba independence |
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Teddy Roosevelt
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-26th President
-1901-1909 -passed two acts that purified meat -succeeded McKinley after assassination -formed the "Bull Moose Party" |
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George Dewey
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-United States naval officer
-victory at Manila Bay in the Spanish-American War -led the American attack on the Philippines |
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Rough Riders
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-First United States Volunteer Calvary
mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen who volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War -won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba. |
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San Juan Hill
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-battle in Cuba
-portrayed as a heroic effort by the Rough Riders -regiment charged on foot with two crack black regiments, suffering heavy casualties |
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Anti-Imperialist League
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-objected the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire
-idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case |
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Insular Cases
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-court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen
-decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos. |
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General Leonard Wood
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-served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines
-received the Medal of Honor -holds officer service #2 in the Regular Army |
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Walter Reed
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-discovered that the mosquito transmitted yellow fever and developed a cure
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Guantanamo
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-acquired by sending US marines
-United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area |
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William Howard Taft
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-(1908-1912)
-endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson |
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Benevolent Assimilation
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-McKinley and the U.S. were trying to assimilate the Philippines under superior aid
-American dollars went to the Philippines to improve roads, sanitation, and public health |
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Boxer Rebellion
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-1899 rebellion in Beijing
-started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils" -ended by British troops -1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country. |
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Big Stick
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-diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary
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Bully Pulpit
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-term coined by T. Roosevelt about the presidency; he said the president was like a national preacher and that he had the constant glare of publicity so he would be constantly trying to use it to his advantage.
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
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1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.
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Philippe Bunau-Varilla
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Chief engineer of the French company that attempted to build a canal through the Panamanican isthmus, chief planner of the Panamanian revolt against Columbia, and later minister to the United States from the new Republic of Panama
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George Washington Goethals
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United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal (1858-1928)
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William C. Gorgas
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expert on tropical diseases; at his direction, workers cleared brush and drained swamps and ultimately got rid of the mosquitoes allowing the canal in Panama to be constructed
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Roosevelt Corollary
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(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic
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Dominican Republic
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In 1905, the U.S. imposed financial restrictions upon this Caribbean nation. Part of making sure Latin America traded with the U.S. and not Europe.
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Bad Neighbor
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The Roosevelt Corollary modified the Monroe doctrine and was used to justify wholesale interventions and repeated landings of the Marines throughout Latin America. It became apparent to the Latin American countries that rather than providing a protective shield, the Monroe Doctrine was being used as a cloak behind which the US sought to bully them.
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Russo-Japanese War
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..., Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.
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Portsmouth
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The meeting between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those two countries.
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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(TR) , 1907 Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them
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Great White Fleet
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1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."
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Progressives
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Also known as reformers, came about in the late 1800's, they worked to solve problems created by rapid industrial & urban growth. Many fought crime, disease, & poverty. Many of these were part of the growing middle class.
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Laissez-faire
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An economic philosophy developed by Adam Smith that promoted a hands off government. It prevented the government from taking serious action against the depression.
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Jacob Riis
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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.
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Theodore Dreiser
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American naturalist who wrote The Financier and The Titan. Like Riis, he helped reveal the poor conditions people in the slums faced and influenced reforms.
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Jane Addams
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1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes
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Lillian Weld
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a nurse; social worker; public health official; teacher; author; editor; publisher; activist for peace Founded community health movement in America. Worked in NYC.
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Social Gospel
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A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation, taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
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Mclure's
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magazines circulated during the progressive era that featured articles exposing the corruption in government
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Lincoln Steffens
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United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.
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Ida M. Tarbell
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..., She wrote and Expose- "The History of the Standard Oil Company"*Her book was extremely critical of John D. Rockefeller and the misuse of power by big trust
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Thomas W. Lawson
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A speculator who made $50 million on the stock market, then ostracized himself from his rich associates by publishing "Frenzied Finance," which exposed the practices of his accomplices. Though this boosted sales for Everybody's, the magazine in which the series was published, the author died a poor man.
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David G. Phillips
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Wrote a series in Cosmopolitan titled "The Treason of the Senate" which boldly charged that 75 of the 90 senators represented the railroads and trusts, not the people. His indictment impressed President Roosevelt. He continued his writing until he was killed in 1911.
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Ray Stannard Baker
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He worked with Tarbell and Steffans at McClure's. Best known for his work "Railroads on Trial". He was the first prominent journalist to write on race relations in the South- "The Clashes of the Races in a Southern City." He believed that social justice required journalism of "righteous indignation."
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John Spargo
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The Bitter Cry of the Children,Journalist and novelist, he wrote of the unfair treatment of children used as child labor. Stressed better education, better schools and teachers. A muckraker novel.
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Direct Primary Elections
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average party members, sometimes called rank-and-file, are allowed to select party nominees, this process replaced the hand-picked model used by party bosses
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Initiative
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An election that allows citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote.
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Referendum
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A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.
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Recall
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A procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired.
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Australian Ballot
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A government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890 in order to reduce the voting fraud associated with party printed ballots cast in public.
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Millionaires' Club
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A sneering nickname for the Senate; it stems from the fact that by 1900 the Senate was rife with rich men. Many were held under the sway of corporations. The progressives aimed to curtail this through direct election of the Senators.
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Seventeenth Amendment
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A constitutional amendment ratified in 1913 requiring the popular election of U.S. senators. Senators were previously chosen by state legislatures.
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Suffragists
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Progressives who championed the vote for women. They cried: "Votes for Women" and "Equal Suffrage for Men and Women.." It was said that a suffragist was "one who has ceased to be a lady and has not yet become a gentleman."
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Robert M. La Follette
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Governor of Wisconsin who promoted the principle of government by experts, advocated progressivism, and established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation.
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The Wisconsin Idea
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Progressive-era policy to apply the expertise of the state's university to social legislation that benefited all the state's citizens; it led to classic programs such as regulation of utilities, workers' compensation, tax reform, and university extension services;
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Charles Evans Hughes
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A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.
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Triangle Shirtwaist Company
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In 1911 the tragic fire killed 146 people, mostly women because the owner kept the stairway doors locked to prevent theft, following stricter building acts and factory codes, and worker insurance
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Muller v. Oregon
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(1908) case that ruled Oregon's law barring women from working more than ten hours a day was constitutional; also an attempt to define women's unique status as mothers to justify their differential treatment
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Lochner v. New York
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(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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One of the groups that was most involved in trying to bring about the end of alcohol sails and close down the business that made alcoholic beverages
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Frances E. Willard
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became leader of the WCTU. She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy.
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"Wet" and "Dry"
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terms used to describe the state of Prohibition in a state
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Square Deal
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Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.
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Department of Commerce and Labor
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Foster and promote economic development and technological advancements through foreign and domestic trade. Sub-Agencies: US Census, National Weather Service
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Elkins Act
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(1903) This strengthened earlier federal legislation that outlawed preferential pricing through rebates. Rebates are returns of parts of the amount paid for goods or services, serving as a reduction or discount. This act also prohibited railroads from transporting goods they owned. As a dodge around previous legislation, railroads were buying goods and transporting them as if they were their own.
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Hepburn Act
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1906 - This Act was signed by Teddy Roosevelt to give the ICC the right to set rates that would be reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates. It was the first time in U.S. history that a government agency was given power to establish rates for private companies.
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Trustbusting
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Trust-busting is any government activity designed to kill trusts or monopolies. Theodore Roosevelt is the U.S. president most associated with dissolving trusts. However, William Howard Taft signed twice as much trust-busting legislation during his presidency. A trust is a monopoly (group of different things all controlled by one management).
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Northern Securities Company
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Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.
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The Jungle
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This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.
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Meat Inspection Act
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1906 law required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the Agriculture Department to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants
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Forest Reserve Act
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(1891) President Roosevelt used this act to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public. It was to make big businesses mindful of their effect on the environment
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Newlands Act
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Congressional response to Theodore Roosevelt in 1902. Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use funds for development of irrigation projects
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Conservation
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Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance
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Call of the Wild
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the Call of the Wild is a novel by American author Jack London published in 1903. The story takes place in the extreme conditions of the Yukon during the 19th-century Klondike Gold Rush, where strong sled dogs were in high demand. After Buck, a domesticated dog, is snatched from a pastoral ranch in California, he is sold into a brutal life as a sled dog. The novella details Buck's struggle to adjust and survive the cruel treatment he receives from humans, other dogs, and nature. He eventually sheds the veneer of civilization altogether and instead relies on primordial instincts and the lessons he has learned to become a respected and feared leader in the wild.
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Sierra Club
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America's oldest and largest grassroots environmental organization founded in 1892 in San Fransisco, Cali first President was John Muir group was pushed by the wealthy bc they wanted to conserve the nature (despite all the land the already own and "corrupted") for their later generations
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William Howard Taft
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(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson
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Eugene V. Debs
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(1855-1926) Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Rule of Reason
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Supreme Court doctrine that held that only those business interest combinations that "unreasonably" restrained trade were illegal. This fine-print proviso ripped a huge hole in the government's antitrust net.
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Payne-Aldrich Tariff
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Signed by Taft in March of 1909 in contrast to campaign promises. Was supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff).
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Richard Ballinger
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Taft's Secretary of the Interior, allowed a private group of business people to obtain several million acres of Alaskan public lands
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Gifford Pinchot
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- TRs chief forester; persuaded TR(an outdoor enthusiast, he listened to public concern over the reckless use of natural resources) that planned management under federal govt was needed to protect the natural domain. Cutting trees must be synchronized w planting trees and oil needed to be pumped from the ground under controlled conditions
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Joe Cannon
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Republican speaker of the house from 1903 to 1911. Criticized Roosevelt for wanting too much power. He once said, "That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything, from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil.
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Bull Moose
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The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.
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New Nationalism
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1912: Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. Additionally, it encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.
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New Freedom
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Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
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Underwood Tariff
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Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax
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The Federal Reserve Act
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Set up as system of federal banks and gave the government the power to raise or lower intrest rates and control the money supply
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Federal Trade Commission Act
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(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits
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Clayton Anti-Trust Act
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1914 legislation that defined those actions in which businesses could not engage; also declared that unions could not be legally attacked as trusts.
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The Federal Farm Loan Act
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In 1916;1. Made credit available to farmers at low rates of interest 2. authorized loans on the security of staple crops other laws provided highway construction and the establishment of agricultural extension work in state colleges
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Warehouse Act
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this authorized the loans on security of staple crops which was another populist idea. the other laws benefited rural America by providing a highway construction and establishment of agricultural extension wok for state colleges.
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Workingmen's Corporation Act
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It granted assistance of federal civil-service employees during periods of instability but was invalidated by the Supreme Court.
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Louis D. Brandeis
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A lawyer and later justice of the Supreme Court who spoke and wrote widely (especially in Other People's Money [1913]) about the "curse of bigness." He insisted that government must regulate competition in such a way as to ensure that large combinations did not emerge.
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Haiti
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American marines were sent there in 1915 when disorder broke out.
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Victoriano Huerta
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He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.
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Venustiano Carranza
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He became president of Mexico in 1914. He succeeded the harsh President Huerta. President Carranza at first supported Wilson's sending General Pershing into Mexico to look for the criminal Pancho Villa, but when he saw the number of troops he became outraged and opposed Wilson.
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Francisco ("Pancho") Villa
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A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)
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ABC Powers
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The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914.
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John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
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The general sent by Woodrow Wilson into Mexico in 1916 to break up Poncho Villa's band. He defeated Villa's men but did not capture Poncho. He withdrew in January 1917.
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Central Powers
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..., in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies
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Allied Powers
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France, Britain, USSR, United States, and China as well as 45 other countries that opposed the Axis powers in World War II
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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..., was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.
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Submarine
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New underwater weapon that threatened neutral shipping and apparently violated traditional norms of international law.
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Lusitania
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A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
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Arabic
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Another British liner sunk w/ loss of 2 American lives, promptly leading GE to agree not to sink unarmed passenger ships w/o warning
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Sussex
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(WW) , A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning, Germany block promise
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Charles Evans Hughes
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A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.
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"He Kept Us Out of War"
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Wilson's slogan, which helped secure Wilson's reelection in 1916., Wilson's campaign slogan in 1916 reminding the public that they weren't entangled in WWI
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Richard Hofstadter
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argued that Jacksonian democracy was not a rejection of capitalism, like Arthur M was saying, but instead the effort of aspiring entrepreneurs to secure laissez-faire policies that would serve their own interests against their monopolistic, eastern competitors
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New Left Historians
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A school of historians that argued progressivism was dominated by established business leaders who successfully directed reform to their own conservative ends. They held that these reforms dampened cutthroat competition, stabilized markets, and made America safe for a monopoly capitalism.
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