Unit 8 & 9

Front 1

Stochastic Theories

Back 1

aging is caused by damage that accumulates over time.
Examples are:
• Free radical theory
• Somatic mutation theory
• Wear and tear theory

Front 2

Nonstochastic Theories

Back 2

The occurrence of aging changes are predetermined by mechanisms in the body.
Examples are:
• Programmed aging theory: Some many things that you can do. Like the heart; if your heart rate is high, you might have a higher chance of running out faster.
• Pacemaker theory: Deteration with time
• Immunologic theory: Age is related to immunology

Front 3

Psychological Theories

Back 3

These theories don’t state how or why people age, but they explain changes in behavior, roles, and relationships that occur as individuals age.

Front 4

Disengagement Theory

Back 4

• people age in society they draw back and become reclusive.
Examples are:
o Activity Theory
• You form activities for life, they may slow down, however they continue throughout life. Ie. Golf
o Continuity Theory
• Personality remains the same and personality remains the same as you age.

Front 5

Sloane’s “Rule of Thirds’

Back 5

o People age due to the three following things
• 1/3 are due to disease
• 1/3 are due to inactivity or disuse
• 1/3 are due to aging itself

Front 6

Developmental Tasks 
in Older Adults:

Back 6

• Adjusting to decreasing health and physical strength
• Adjusting to retirement and reduced or fixed income
• Adjusting to the death of a spouse
• Developmental Tasks
Older Adults
• Accepting self as aging person
• Maintaining satisfactory living arrangements
• Redefining relationships with adult children
• Finding ways to maintain quality of life

Front 7

Assessing the needs of older adults

Back 7

1. sit or stand at eye level
2. Face the older adult while speaking; do not cover your mouth
3. Provide diffuse, bright, nonglare lighting.
4. Encourage the older adult to use their familiar assistive devices such as glasses, hearing aids, and make sure they are properly working.

Front 8

Assessing the needs of older adults cont.

Back 8

5. speak directly to the client
6. speak in clear, low pitched tones at a moderate rate.
7. Reduce back ground noise.
8. Ask if there is "good ear" and speak towards it.
9. Check the ear for cerumen.

Front 9

Xerosis

Back 9

(dry skin) caused by dehydration in the epidermis and loss of lipid barrier from sebaceous gland

Front 10

Pruritus

Back 10

sensation of intense itching from dry skin

Front 11

Senile Purpura

Back 11

connective tissue changes to skin that is exposed to much light, loss of water, or blood vessels that weaken with aging.Causes leakage of blood into the skin especially on the forearm and dorsum of hand.

Front 12

Seborrheic dermatitis

Back 12

Cosmetic problem, chronic inflammation of skin of scalp, ear canals, nasolabial folds, eyebrows and eyelids. Cause unknown Lesions are scaly and yellow-white

Front 13

Mild pruritis

Back 13

Treat with coal tar shampoo or topical ketoconazole

Front 14

Solar Lentigines

Back 14

age spot or liver spots
o Benign, pigmented macules on back of hand or face
o Caused by sun damage
o No treatment necessary

Front 15

Seborrheic Keratoses

Back 15

benign lesions, sometimes called barnacle of old age
o Thick or smooth lesions on back and face, also arms, legs and abdomen
o Color: tan to dark brown; greasy or scale-like appearance
o May treat with liquid nitrogen

Front 16

Actinic Keratoses

Back 16

may be precancerous
o Appear on sun exposed areas especially arms, face, ears, and scalp
o Small brown or tan to red patches; may be flat or raised
o Scaly, rough, gritty surface
o Biopsy, surgical removal, liquid nitrogen, topical 5-fluorouracil (FU)

Front 17

Rosacea

Back 17

blood vessels under facial skin become visible as spidery lines and the appearance is generalized redness or flushing in the butterfly area
o Occurs between ages 30-50, more often females
o Chronic inflammatory disorder, very gradual
o Treat with diet changes, antibiotic creams

Front 18

Herpes Zoster:

Back 18

shingles
o Varicella zoster virus: reactivates and erupts along affected dermatomes
o Almost exclusively in elderly
o Initial signs are often pain, tingling, itching and paresthesia before eruption of vesicles
o Treat with antiviral therapy Famvir or Valtrex
o Can last for years

Front 19

presbyopia

Back 19

a progressive decline in the ability to see those close up. Farsighted

Front 20

presbycusis:

Back 20

a progressive decline in the ability to hear

Front 21

Dysphagia

Back 21

Abnormalities, or trouble swallowing

Front 22

What is the most common neurgenic cause of dysphagia?

Back 22

CVA, 1/2 -1/2 of CVA patients have dysphagia

Front 23

When helping someone with a swallowing deficit in what position should they be placed?

Back 23

High fowlers

Front 24

What nursing implications related to aging should the nurse keep in mind when caring for a cardiac patient?

Back 24

increased in systolic pressure. Walls of the vessels are not as elastic. Heart rate is not as strong. Has a hard problem getting blood to the extremities.. Decreased in pedal pulses. Cardiac output is decreased.

Front 25

What is the major cause of constipation in a geriatric patient?

Back 25

Dehydration

Front 26

Check for impaction with new onset of diarrhea or urinary incontinence, why?

Back 26

diarrhea will seep around the stool. Patient will still be impacted.

Front 27

Most common cause of disability in the elderly population

Back 27

Arthritis

Front 28

What are the risk factors for arthritis?

Back 28

female, obesity, recurrent joint overuse

Front 29

What are the treatments for arthritis?

Back 29

medications, exercise, weight reduction, education, thermal modalities, surgery. Weight reduction is a huge factor for some joint surgeries.

Front 30

Physical factors affecting intimacy in men:

Back 30

• Decreased testosterone and libido
• Erectile dysfunction
• Arthritis
• Obesity
• Conditions that cause fear such as cardiovascular disease/cancer

Front 31

Factors affecting intimacy in women:

Back 31

• Menopause with vaginal thinning and dryness
• Decreased libido
• Genitourinary disorders: UTI, dyspareunia (painful sexual intercourse) prolapse, incontinence
• Arthritis
• Acute or chronic illnesses i.e. DM, heart disease

Front 32

Therapeutic Communication

Back 32

• Respect & unconditional acceptance for the client
• Consideration for the client’s needs
• Promotes expression of negative and positive feelings
• Active listening
• Promotes trust
• Touch
• Connects people to others
• Reassures people
• Can convey everything from affection to security

Front 33

Reality Orientation

Back 33

• Restores sense of reality
• Improves level of awareness
• Promotes socialization
• Elevates independent functioning
• Minimizes confusion, disorientation, and physical regression

Front 34

Teaching strategies adult special learning needs:

Back 34

1. Make sure that the client is ready to learn and is not preoccupied or too anxious to comprehend the material.
2. Emphasize concrete rather than abstract ideas.
3. Give the client enough time to respond and react to the question.
4. Focus on a single topic.
5. Keep distraction to a minimum.
6. Invite another member of the household to join.
7. use audio, visual and tactile cues.
8. ask for feedback.
9. compensate for physical discomfort.
10. Emphasize emotional and personal values in the acquisition of skills and ideas

Front 35

Glaucoma

Back 35

A slowly progressive increase in intraocular pressure against the optic nerve, resulting in peripheral visual loss.

Front 36

Diabetic retinopathy:

Back 36

Pathological changes occur in the blood vessels of the retina resulting in decreased vision or vision loss due to hemorrhage.

Front 37

Cerumen accumulation

Back 37

build up of ear wax

Front 38

Xerostomia

Back 38

Decrease in salivary production that leads to thicker mucus and a dry mouth. Often interferes with the ability to eat and leads to appetite and nutritional problems.

Front 39

effects of sensory deprivation cognitive:

Back 39

1. Reduced capacity to learn
2. inability to think or learn
3. poor task performance
4. Disorientation
5. Bizarre thinking
6. increased need for socialization, altered mechanisms of attention.

Front 40

effects of sensory deprivation Affective:

Back 40

1. Boredom
2. Restless
3. Increased anxiety
4. Emotional liability
5. Panic
6. Increased need for physical stimulation.

Front 41

effects of sensory deprivation perceptual:

Back 41

1. Changes in vision/ motor coordination
2. Reduced color perception
3. Less tactile accuracy
4. Changes in ability to perceive size and shape
5. Changes in spatial and time judgement

Front 42

Sensory Overload

Back 42

1.When the individual receives multiple sensory stimuli and can not selectively ignore some stimuli.
2.Prevents meaningful response

Front 43

o Onset is typically sudden
o Can happen with a UTI

Back 43

Delirium

Front 44

Four types

Back 44

1. Alzheimer’s,
2. Diffuse Lewy Body Disease,
3. Frontotemporal dementia,
4. Vascular dementia

Front 45

Generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning.

Back 45

Dementia

Front 46

what is: a potentially reversible acute confusional state with fluctuations in cognition, attention, arousal, and self awareness, Illusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, and disorientation

Back 46

Delirium

Front 47

What is the major issue for Alzheimer's patients.

Back 47

Safety

Front 48

Gradual, progressive and irreversible?

Back 48

Dementia

Front 49

What is healthy BMI for an adult

Back 49

18.5 - 24.9

Front 50

Nutritional objective 2010 examples:
page 1086

Back 50

reduce obesity in adults by 15%
reduce obesity in children by 15%
meet calcium DRI in 75% of people

Front 51

Major portion of digestion occurs in the

Back 51

small intestine

Front 52

The Vagus nerve does what for digestion?

Back 52

o Stimulates the GI tract
o Peristalsis

Front 53

What is stored in the gal bladder and made in the liver?

Back 53

Bile

Front 54

Carbohydrate

Back 54

(4 Kcal/g): fast energy
o Mostly from plant food
o Main source of readily available energy- glucose

Front 55

Protein

Back 55

(4 Kcal/g): slow energy
o Needed for growth, tissue repair & maintenance
o Maintains positive nitrogen balance (I=O)
o Simplest form is an amino acid

Front 56

Fat – lipid

Back 56

9 Kcal/g): reserve of energy
o A major source of reserve energy
o Most caloric dense nutrient (9 Kcal/g)
o Produced in the liver and also obtained in food

Front 57

Vitamins are?

Back 57

• Organic substances present in small amounts in food
• Essential to normal metabolism
• Highest source is in fresh foods

Front 58

Minerals are?

Back 58

• Inorganic elements essential as catalysts in biochemical reactions

Front 59

What is 60-70% of total body weight,
an cell function requires it?

Back 59

Water

Front 60

positive nitrogen balance.

Back 60

Lean muscle, tissue repair, or anything that requires excess energy for repair

Front 61

Vaitamin A

Back 61

carrots, green leafy vegetables
o Essential for vision, growth, cellular differentiation, proliferation, reproduction and integrity of the immune system

Front 62

Vitamin D

Back 62

sunlight
o Essential for formation of the skeleton and for mineral homeostasis

Front 63

Vitamin E

Back 63

green leafy vegetables, nuts
o Deficiency shows signs of reproductive failure, muscular dystrophy & neurological abnormalities.

Front 64

Vitamin K

Back 64

Green leafy vegetables
o Essential for blood clotting.

Front 65

Vitamin b complex

Back 65

leafy vegetables, legumes

Front 66

Quick overview of the B vitamins

Back 66

o Thiamine: can cause muscle wasting if you don’t have enough.
o Riboflavin: can cause mouth sores if low
o Niacin: Decrease cholesterol, increase the intake of protein
o B6: protein metabolism and cell growth
o Folate: pregnancy, neuro tube

Front 67

Vitamin C

Back 67

citrus
o anti-oxidant

Front 68

Calcium requirements

Back 68

1000-1500 mg daily

Front 69

What does phosphorus do?

Back 69

essential for bone growth and development.

Front 70

What does magnesium help to regulate:

Back 70

Cardiac contractions.