Unit 7 Reconstruction

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

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President Abraham Lincoln offers his conciliatory plan for reunification of the United States

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Lincoln's 10% plan

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.• Pardon al confederate who sign oath of allegiance to the US, excluding govt and military leaders
• A southern state could be re admitted to union once 10% of voters in 1860 signed oath of allegiance
• Southern states then revise state constitutions ad create new state govs
• Accept emancipation of slaves
• Private property land would be returned
• Confederate officials and those who left federal Gov. could be prosecuted and those who tortured soldiers

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Wade-Davis Bill

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• Summer 1864
• To counter Lincolns 10 plan
• States could only rejoin union when 50 % of registered voters swore “ironclad oath” of allegiance
• Safeguarded black liberties but did not extend suffrage
• Appoint provisional military governors
• All former conf leader lore right to vote, hold office
• Congress passes it in July 1864
• Lincoln “pocket vetoes” the bill and congress goes into recess

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pocket veto

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a legislative maneuver in lawmaking that allows a president or other official with veto power effectively to exercise that power over a bill by taking no action.

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13th Amendment

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outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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Andrew Johnson

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17th President of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. As Abraham Lincoln's vice president, Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated. A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket, Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded. The new president favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union. His plans did not give protection to the former slaves, and he came into conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives. The first American president to be impeached, he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

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Presidential Reconstruction

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• Goes against congressional efforts
• Amnesty proclamation
o Denied amnesty to rich planters
o Returned white supremacists to power in south
o Requires southern states to approve 13th amendment
o Repudiated all debt owed to confederacy by union
o Accepted reconstruction govts in ARK, LA, Ten
o Despite his hate of planter class, he pardoned 13000 ppl, incl. former confederate military and govt officials
o Allowed state to write new constitutions w/o 10% loyalty oath
o Johnson admitted all 11 conf states by dec 1865
o Declared reconstruction OVER

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"black codes"

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laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks.

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Freedman's Bureau

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• Established MArch 1865
• Provide clothes food medicine to freed blacks and poor whites
• Established schools for up to 250,000 blacks
• Marriages
• Lease land confiscated during war with option to purchase
• Labor contracts-controversial blacks steered into abusive free labor system
• Underfunded by congress
• Resisted by southerners>a threat to way of life

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Joint Committee On Reconstruction

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t was created to "inquire into the condition of the States which formed the Confederate States of America, and report whether they, or any of them, are entitled to be represented in either house of Congress." This committee also drafted the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and required southern states to approve that amendment before being readmitted to representation in Congress.[1]
The committee was established on December 13, 1865,

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Senator Lyman Trumbull (R., Ill.)

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a United States Senator from Illinois during the American Civil War, and co-author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

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enacted April 9, 1866, is a United States federal law that was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War. The Act was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each house overcame the veto and the bill became law.

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Fourteenth Amendment (1866)

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Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that black people could not be citizens of the United States.[1]
Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural rights.
Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction.

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"swing around the circle"

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refers to a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took: "Washington, D.C., to New York, west to Chicago, south to St. Louis, and east through the Ohio River valley back to the nation’s capital".

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Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans (1866)

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After a shooting altercation between white policemen and black soldiers recently mustered out of the Union Army, mobs of white civilians and policemen rampaged through black neighborhoods and the houses of freed slaves. Federal troops were sent to quell the violence and peace was restored on the third day.

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Southern Homestead Act (1866)

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enacted to break a cycle of debt during the Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Prior to this act, blacks and whites alike were having trouble buying land. Sharecropping and tenant farming had become ways of life. This act attempted to solve this by selling land at low prices so that southerners could buy it. Many people, however, could still not participate because the low prices were still too high.

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Radical Reconstruction

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ohnson ignored the policy mandate, and he openly encouraged southern states to deny ratification of the 14th Amendment
Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner, opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans (the Democrats in Congress had almost no power

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Military) Reconstruction Act of 1867

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cts were necessary for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union. The Acts excluded Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14th Amendment and had been readmitted to the Union.
A key feature of the Acts included the creation of five military districts in the South, each commanded by a general, which would serve as the acting government for the region. National Archives, War Department Records, Second Military District 3/11/1867 - 7/28/1868, Administrative History Note:

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Thaddeus Stevens

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a leader of the Radical Republican faction of the Republican Party and a fierce opponent of slavery. He was one of the most influential members in the history of Congress. As chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death. He wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War.

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Army Appropriations Act (March, 1867)

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An army appropriations measure in 1867 included a provision added by the Radicals, which required the president to issue military orders through a commanding general, a figure who could be removed only by Senate action.

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Tenure of Office Act (March, 1867)

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a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate. The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by the president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.

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Sec of War Edwin Stanton

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Secretary of War under the Lincoln Administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory.
After Lincoln's assassination, Stanton remained as the Secretary of War under the new President Andrew Johnson during the first years of Reconstruction. He opposed the lenient policies of Johnson towards the former Confederate States. Johnson's attempt to dismiss Stanton ultimately led to President Johnson being impeached by the House of Representatives

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Fifteenth Amendment (1869)

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prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.

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carpetbaggers

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a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.

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scalawags

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were southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War.

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Sen. Hiram Revels (R., Miss)

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the first person of color to serve in the United States Senate, and in the U.S. Congress overall. He represented Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during Reconstruction.
During the American Civil War, he helped organize two regiments of the United States Colored Troops and served as a chaplain.

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Blanche Bruce (r miss)

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U.S. politician who represented Mississippi as a Republican in the U.S. Senate from 1875 to 1881 and was the first elected non-white senator to serve a full term.

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Ku Klux Klan (1866)

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flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s

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Enforrcement Act of 1870

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written to empower the President with the legal authority to enforce the first section of the Fifteenth Amendment throughout the United States. The act was the first of three Enforcement Acts passed by the United States Congress from 1870 to 1871 during the Reconstruction Era to combat attacks on the suffrage rights of African Americans from state officials or violent groups like the Ku Klux Klan.[1]

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Amnesty Act (1872)

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removed voting restrictions and office-holding disqualification against most of the secessionists who rebelled in the American Civil War, except for some 500 military leaders of the Confederacy

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

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guaranteed African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and prohibited exclusion from jury service. The Supreme Court decided the act was unconstitutional in 1883.

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sharecropping

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a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).

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crop-lien economy

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a credit system that became widely used by farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1920s
was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan. Sometimes there was cash left over; when cotton prices were low, the crop did not cover the debt and the farmer started the next year in the red. The credit system was used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant farmers.[1]

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election of 1868

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Andrew Johnson, who succeeded to the presidency in 1865 following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, was unsuccessful in his attempt to receive a Democratic presidential nomination due to his unpopularitythe Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour to take on the Republican candidate, Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant. Grant was one of the most popular men in the North due to his efforts in concluding the Civil War successfully for the Union.

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Gov. Horatio Seymour (Dem, NY)

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the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Army Ulysses S. Grant.

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Jay Gould and James Fisk's Gold Scheme

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Black Friday, September 24, 1869 was caused by two speculators’ efforts, Jay Gould and James Fisk, to corner the gold market on the New York Gold Exchange. It was one of several scandals that rocked the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant.Gould began buying large amounts of gold. This caused prices to rise and stocks to plummet.[citation needed] After Grant realized what had happened, the federal government sold $4 million in gold. On September 20, 1869, Gould and Fisk started hoarding gold, driving the price higher.But when the government gold hit the market, the premium plummeted within minutes. Investors scrambled to sell their holdings, and many of them, including Corbin, were ruined. Fisk and Gould escaped significant financial harm

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Schuyler Colfax and Credit Mobilier scandal

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1868 Congressman Oakes Ames had distributed Crédit Mobilier shares of stock to other congressmen, in addition to making cash bribes, during the Andrew Johnson presidency. The story was broken by the New York newspaper, The Sun,

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Grantism

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Although Grant was not directly involved with these scandals, his associations with persons of questionable character and his reliance on cronyism, nepotism, and political patronage gave rise to accusations of "Grantism."

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whiskey ring

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exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. The Whiskey Ring began in St. Louis but was also organized in Chicago, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Peoria. Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving distillers, rectifiers, gaugers, storekeepers, and internal revenue agents.

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Indian ring

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Grant’s Secretary of War, William W. Belknap, accepted bribes from companies with licenses to trade on the reservations of many Native American tribes.Belknap was impeached by the House of Representatives, but acquitted by the Senate in August 1876.

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Boss Tweed

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he "boss" of Tammany Hall. Tweed's greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissions, his control over political patronage in New York City through Tammany, and his ability to ensure the loyalty of voters through jobs he could create and dispense on city-related projects. Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption,

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Seward's Folly

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he acquisition of the Alaska territory by the United States from the Russian Empire in the year 1867 by a treaty ratified by the Senate.
Russia, fearing a war with Britain that would allow the British to seize Alaska, wanted to sell. Russia's major role had been forcing Native Alaskans to hunt for furs, and missionary work to convert them to Christianity. The purchase, made at the initiative of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, gained the United States 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km2) of new territory.

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Liberal Republicans

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May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant and his Radical Republican supporters in the presidential election of 1872. The Liberal Republican party's candidate was Horace Greeley,The Liberal Republican Party vanished immediately after the election

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Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune

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a reformer, a politician, and an outspoken opponent of slavery. The New York Tribune (which he founded and edited) was America's most influential newspaper from the 1840s to the 1870s and "established Greeley's reputation as the greatest editor of his day."[1] Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as opposition to slavery and a host of reforms ranging from vegetarianism to socialism.
Crusading against the corruption of Ulysses S. Grant's Republican administration, he was the new Liberal Republican Party's candidate in the 1872 U.S. presidential election. Despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party, he lost in a landslide. He is the only presidential candidate to have died prior to the counting of electoral votes.

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Panic of 1873

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a financial crisis which triggered a severe international economic depression in both Europe and the United States that lasted until 1879, and even longer in some countries. The depression wasn't known as the "Great Depression" until the 1930s, but is sometimes now known as the Long Depression.[1] The panic was caused by the fall in demand for silver internationally, which followed Germany's decision to abandon the silver standard in the wake of the Franco-Prussian war.[2]

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Jay Cooke

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an American financier who helped finance the Union war effort during the American Civil War and the postwar development of railroads in the northwestern United States.

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election of 1876

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Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes uncounted. The 20 disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory.
An informal deal was struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of 1877

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Rutherford B. Hayes

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the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution. Hayes was a reformer who began the efforts that led to civil service reform and attempted, unsuccessfully, to reconcile the divisions that had led to the American Civil War fifteen years earlier.

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Samuel Tilden

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the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, one of the most controversial American elections of the 19th century. He was the 25th Governor of New York. A political reformer, he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.

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Compromise of 1877

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Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. The compromise involved Democrats who controlled the House of Representatives allowing the decision of the Electoral Commission to take effect. The incumbent president, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida.[2] As president, Hayes removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many white Republicans also left and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control