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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is excretion?
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The removal of metabolic wastes from the blood of the body.
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Metabolic wastes must come out of what?
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a cellular process
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What does the Excretory System consist of?
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skin, lungs, liver, colon, and kidney
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What are the two names used for release of urine from bladder?
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micturation and urination
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The excretory system consists of what?
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skin, lungs, liver, colon, and kidney
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Explain micturation in a child less than 3 years old.
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-Urine fills bladder
-Bladder wall stretches, stretch receptor sends signal to spinal cord -Spinal cord sends signal to internal sphincter telling it to open -External sphincter is not yet attached to spinal cord so it is relaxed which means it is wide open. So, as soon the internal sphincter opens the child micturates. |
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Explain micturation in a child older than 3 years old.
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-Bladder fills with urine
-Stretch receptor sends signal to spinal cord -Spinal cord sends internal sphincter to open. -A nerve now connects the spinal cord to the external sphincter which is under voluntary control. -When signal is sent to external sphincter; mucturition takes place |
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Potty training can occur when the nerve connects to the _________________.
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external sphincter
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___________ is another word for urinary tract infection.
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Cystitis
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Why don't men hve utis?
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B/c their uretha is not in proximity of swimming E.coli.
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____________ are fish in tropical water that sense nitrogen in urine and can stick up your urea.
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Conduruse
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What is the function of nephrons?
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The formation of urine which produces salts, urea, and water.
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What are the 3 processes of nephrons?
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filitration, reabsorption, and secretion
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Where does filitration occur?
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Between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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What is filitration?
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When glomerular filtrate leaks out of glomerulus and enters Bowman's capsule
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Where does reabsorption occur?
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Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct.
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What is reabsorption?
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The movement of valuable components of the glomerular filtrate from PCT, LH, DCT, and CD into the peritubular cap. bed.
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__________ and _________ are variables of H2O absorbed dependent upon a brain hormone called vasopressin.
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DCT, CD
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If brain releases a large amount of vasopressin (_____________) a high percent of H20 will move from _________ and __________ into the blood stream. You will produce a small amount of concentrated urine.
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dehydration, DCT, CD
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If brain releases a _______ amount of vasopressin (you have drank too much H2O)a low percent of H2O moves from DCT & CD and enter the blood stream. You will produce a ________ amount of ________ urine.
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small, large, clear/dilute
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Consumption of alcohol containing drinks will shut off __________, you will have little reabsorption of H2O and will produce a ________ quantity of ________ urine.
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vasopressin, large, dilute/clear
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What are the two types of diabetes?
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Diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus
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People with diabetes are often ___________ and ___________.
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thirsty, have frequent urination
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Where does secretion happen?
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PCT, LH, DCT, and CD
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What is secretion?
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The movement of toxins from the peritubular cap. bed into the PCT, LH, DCT, and CD to be added to urine that will be eliminated from body.
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The _________ system is a series of ductless glands that produce secretions called hormones.
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endocrine
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A typical sweat gland is an ___________ gland.
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exocrine
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_____________ is the short distance from the gland to target tissue.
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Hormone diffuse
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Some hormones work by altering cell membrane ________________.
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permeability
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Some hormones work by activating ___________.
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enzymes
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Some hormones work by turning _________ on and off.
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genes
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Mechanism of hormone regulation is ______________.
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negative feedback
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What are the major endocrine glands?
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head, neck, chest, abdomin
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The pituary gland consists of what two lobes?
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posterior and anterior
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What does the anterior lobe consist of?
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thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, somatotropin, prolactin, FSH,and Luteinizung hormone.
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Prolactin is responsible for ______________.
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milk production
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FSH stimulates __________ in males and stimulates _____________ to develop and produce estrogens.
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spermatogenesis, ovarian follicles
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LH stimulates _________________ in males and is responsible for ___________, _____________, and _______________ in females.
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testis to produce testosterone; ovalution, formation of corpus luteum, and production of progesterone
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Posterior lobe consists of what?
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vasopressin and oxytocin
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Vasopressin is responsible for what two things?
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rebsorption of water from nephron and pair bonding
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Oxytocin in women is responsible for what?
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labor contractions, milk let down, and mother-baby bonding
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Oxytocin in men is responsible for what?
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pair bonding
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Thyroid gland consists of what?
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thyroxine and calcitonin
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___________ is the metabolic rate in the thyroid gland.
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Thyroxine
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____________ regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphorus in the thyroid gland.
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Calcitonin
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Parathyroid glands consist of parathyroid hormones which ____________________.
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regulate blood levels of calcim and phosphorus.
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The ______________ produces thymosin hormone which allows lymphocytes to fight pathogens.
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thymus gland
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The ____________ sits on top on the heart and is large when you are young and is small are absent when you age.
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thymus gland
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What does the abdomin contain?
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stomach, small intestine, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, placenta, and testes.
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The stomach produces a _____________ which stimulates gastric glands.
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gastrin hormone
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The small intestine produces __________ which stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzyme into duodenum.
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secretin
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Adrenal glands consist of what?
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adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
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Adrenal cortex consists of __________ which metabolizes fats and sugars and ____________ which regulates blood levels of sodium and potassium.
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cortisol; aldosterone
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Adrenal medulla consists of ___________ and ___________ which prepares body for fight or flight mechanism.
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epinephrine; norepinephrine
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Pancreas consists of _________________.
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Islets of Longerhans
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Islets of Longerhans consist of ____________ and ____________.
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insulin and glucogon
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What does insulin do?
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Allows glucose to enter cells thus lowering blood sugar levels and converts excess glucose into starch glycogen stored in liver which also lowers blood sugar level.
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What does glucogon do?
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It converts glycogen into glucose which raises blood sugar levels; does opposite of glucose
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Ovaries consist of ____________ and ______________.
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estrogens (responsible for female secondary sex characteristics); progesterone
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Placenta consist of _____________ and ______________.
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chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone
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__________________ stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone.
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Chorionic gonadotropin
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______________ is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics.
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Testerone
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_____________ is too much hormone.
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Hyperfunction
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_____________ is too little hormone.
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Hypofunction
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What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
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-never tired
-no weight gain -hot to the touch -bulging eyes (exophthalmia) |
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What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
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-always tired
-easy weight gain -cold to the touch -simple goiter |
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How does one get a simple goiter?
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If there is not enough iodine in your system there is no thyroxine. Homeostatis responds and thyroid gets bigger in an attempt to make more thyroxine
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Diabetes mellitus is a ______________.
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hypofunction
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What are symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
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-thirst (b/c of osmosis)
-freq. urination -tired -blurred vision/blind |
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Hypofunction of somatotropin is ____________ and hyperfunction is _____________ (growth zones are present).
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dwarfism, gigantism
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_________________ is when growth zones disappear; you don't get taller but bones get thicker and huger.
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Acromegaly
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___________ happens when the brain does not produce enough vasopressin.
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Diabetes insipidus
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The loop of Henle consists of ___________________.
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15 % H20
25 % NaCl |
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___________ is the blood to the tube.
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Secretion
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___________ is the tube to the blood.
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Reabsorption
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What is not urinated away and reabsorbed by blood in the pct?
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65% H20
65% NaCl 100% Glucose most amino acids |
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Skin in the excretory system?
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Sweat glands remove water, salts, and urea from blood/body
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Lungs in the excretory system?
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Remove CO2 from blood, water from blood, and alcohol from blood
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Liver in the excretory system?
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Bile, salts, urea, and ammonia removed from blood
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Colon in the excretory system?
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Blood vessels in colon dump salts and heavy metals into the feces for removal from body
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Kidneys in the excretory system?
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Remove water, salts, and urea from blood/body
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How does a gland get to get its traget gland?
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-Hormone diffuses into cap. bed
-Hormone is carried by blood stream -Hormone diffuses from blood stream to target tissue |
