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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four different types of radiation? |
Alpha, beta, gamma, neutron |
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What is Alpha radiation? |
-Particle -Cannot penetrate unbroken skin -Shielding by paper, skin, clothing -must be ingested or inhaled |
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What is Beta radiation? |
-Particle radiation - electrical charge, skin hazard - Shielded by plastic, glass, light materials |
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What is gamma radiation? |
-wave energy radiation -released during radioactive decay -shielded by concrete, water, oil, polyethylene |
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What is neutron radiation? |
-particle radiation -this is from initial radiation -Shielded by lead, concrete, earth
Potentially lethal. |
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What are the percentages of distribution of radiation? |
50% blast 35% thermal radiation 10% residual radiation 4% initial radiation 1% EMP |
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What are the blast sequence of events? |
1. Initial radiation 2. Thermal radiation 3. Blast/ shockwave 4. Residual radiation |
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How are burst characterized? |
Nuclear weapon explosions are characterized by the location of the fireball with respect to the surface of the earth. |
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What are the different types of bursts characterized as? |
High altitude burst Air burst Surface burst Underwater burst Underground burst |
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What is high altitude burst? |
100,000 ft and above Causes: EMP damage, satellite blackout, flash blindness |
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What is an air burst? |
Below 100,000 ft Fireball doesn't touch surface EMP tree damage Blackout Initial radiation Thermal radiation Flash blindness Blast shockwave |
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What is a surface burst? |
At or slightly above surface **fallout** Initial radiation Radioactive pool Blackout EMP tree damage Blast shockwave |
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What is an underwater burst? |
Radioactive pool Shock Blue out Cavitation |
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What is underground burst? |
Used for testing Causes a base surge |
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What are some vulnerabilities to a ship? |
Yield (strength in dynamite) Type of burst (type of radiation) Height / depth of burst Ships hardness (resistance to radiation) |
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What are some things the ship has to mitigate nuclear effects? |
-Create severe weather bill -maneuver away from it -deep shelter -cmwds -material condition zebra -individual protective equipment -avoid topside personnel during blast -issue dosimeters -crew rotation -Circle William |
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What is an underwater burst? |
Radioactive pool Shock Blue out Cavitation |
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What is underground burst? |
Used for testing Causes a base surge |
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What are some vulnerabilities to a ship? |
Yield (strength in dynamite) Type of burst (type of radiation) Height / depth of burst Ships hardness (resistance to radiation) |
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What are some things the ship has to mitigate nuclear effects? |
-Create severe weather bill -maneuver away from it -deep shelter -cmwds -material condition zebra -individual protective equipment -avoid topside personnel during blast -issue dosimeters -crew rotation -Circle William |
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What is an acute dose? |
A dose that lasts less than 24 hours. |
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What is a chronic dose? |
Dose that lasts more than 24 hours |
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What is a chronic dose? |
Dose that lasts more than 24 hours |
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What is a whole body dose? |
Affects neck to hips |
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What is maximum exposure limit(MPE)? |
-The basis of personnel rotation -total radiological exposure that the CO will allow for individual personnel to accumulate. -set at 150 rads. Can be adjusted to exceed requirements. -exceptions can be made only with co approval -based on gamma exposure only |
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What is the purpose of logging a logarithmic plot? |
Graphical representation of fallout from a nuclear detonation. |
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What is Ta? |
It's the time of arrival on a log log plot. It's the obvious first choice above twenty rads. |
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What is Ta? |
It's the time of arrival on a log log plot. It's the obvious first choice above twenty rads. |
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What is Tp? |
Time of peak. When the rads are the highest. |
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What is Ta? |
It's the time of arrival on a log log plot. It's the obvious first choice above twenty rads. |
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What is Tp? |
Time of peak. When the rads are the highest. |
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What is Tc? |
Time of cessation. First dot in a sequence of the last three before 60 minutes elapsed. |
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What is Ta? |
It's the time of arrival on a log log plot. It's the obvious first choice above twenty rads. Described as twice the normal background. |
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What is Tp? |
Time of peak. When the rads are the highest. |
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What is Tc? |
Time of cessation. First dot in a sequence of the last three before 60 minutes elapsed. |
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What is R1? |
Intensity at H+1. |
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What is the IM 265? |
The radiac. |
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What are some things that are on the Asa check sheet for the radiac? |
-Radiac calibrated -Case in good working condition -Radiac in good working conditions -beta probe in good working condition -radiac work iaw MRC -beta probe work iaw pms? -are the required number on board? |
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What does a radiac detect? |
Gamma and beta radiation. |
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What is the watch style dosimeter? |
IM 270 |
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What are the different types of surveys? |
On station monitoring Rapid internal survey Rapid external survey Supplementary survey Detailed survey |
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What does on station monitoring determine? |
-Conducted prior to fallout -monitor and report gamma intensities at time intervals determined by the DCA -beta checks to check for ship infiltration -DCA determine locations: repair locker, cic -used to determine Tc |
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What does rapid internal survey do? |
-performed immediately after cessation of fallout. -provides indication of the location and severity of hazards at specific internal areas -external stations monitored from inside the ship -survey locations predetermined, marked, and listed in the CBRD bill -vent ducks -weather deck doors hatches -sea chests |
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What does rapid external surveying do? |
Performed directly after rapid internal survey. -also known as gross Decon survey -intended to obtain more precise radiation levels topside at vital stations -monitoring teams don't stop to locate, mark and isolate hot spots. Only gathering accurate measurements at action and vital stations |
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What is supplementary survey? |
Performed -upon completion of Decon air purge -dosimeter measurements not matching predicted dose
Intended to -confirm/ revise stay times -localize hot spots for Decon -messing/berthing/fan rooms -assess contamination of food, water, and interior air |
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What is detailed survey? |
Performed -at the request of the commanding officer -if the tactical situation permits
Intended to -cover ship wide or specific areas -cover any area in which measured dosages exceed predicted levels by more than 25 percent. -prior to entering repair facility of industrial Decon ordered.
Note: accuracy is more important than speed
Utilize the grid map method. |
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What is a hotspot? |
-monitors look for these and mark them during detailed or supplementary surveys. -has an intensity two or more times that of the surrounding area - caused by the nature of the material in a given location
Materials that would be prone to hotspots: Rust Water Scale Cordage |
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What is Decon intended for? (2key facts) |
Does not destroy radioactivity.
Restore object in use. |
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What is the goal of decontamination? |
The focus is on reducing contamination on personnel, clothing, and equipment to an operationally acceptable level. |
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When does decontamination commence? |
Not until all fallout ceases!!! |
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What range does the radiac detect? |
0 to 1000mR/hr 0 to 1000R/hr |
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What are the four firms of exposure reduction? |
Shielding Time Distance Transfer |
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How is topside decontamination conducted? |
Top to bottom Forward to aft Windward to leeward |
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What is he decontamination team comprised of? |
1 team leader 2 to 4 hosemen 4 to 6 scrubbers |
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What happens at mopp level 1 |
-conduct operation inspection of all RAD detection and monitoring systems -equip all personnel w protective masks in carriers -inventory stowed rad def equipment and Decon supplies and draw replacement items from supply dept as req -check cal and op test radiac -review CBR defense bill, verify personnel assignments -set readiness condition III and material condition yoke |
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What happens at mopp 2 |
-Protective mask is in carrier and worn on person -issue dosimeters -pre position Decon supplies in Decon sta and repair lockers iaw CBRD Bill -optest cmwds and Chen alarm -set material condition mod z |
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What happens at mopp level 3 |
-GQ set zebra -strike below all non essential porous absorbent and flammable material -all non essential personnel proceed to deep shelter -fill pre positioned canteens w potable water -activate primary Decon station and ccas and assure operability -post and monitor detection equipment and materials designated by CBR Bill -activate cmwds. |
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What happens to mopp level 4 |
-don protective mask -circle William -send as many individuals as possible to deep shelter -initiate continuous monitoring and operation of detection equipment -activate countermeasure wash down continuously -secure non essential equipment and sea auctions of appropriate -ATP 45 |
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What is a radiological dispersal device(dirty bomb)? |
Conventional explosive that is coupled with radioactive material |
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What can an RDD incident do? |
Result in -panic -mass casualties with difficult injuries -medical facilities overloaded -contamination issues -gridlock -public services disrupted |
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What is the main concern of a dirty bomb? |
FALLOUT |
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What is the DT680 |
Probe attached to the radiac. |
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What are the effects of radiation on the human body? |
Break DNA chain -cell death -irreparable damage -cell mutations -cell reproduction ceases
Can cause cancer -lung -liver, colon, stomach, bladder, breast, ovaries, thyroid, skin, bone marrow |
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ELEMENT |
Chemical elements are the substances of which all matter is composed. |
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ATOM |
The smallest part into which a chemical element can be divided that retains the characteristics of the element. Can be subdivided into smaller (subatomic) particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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ISOTOPE |
Atom of a given element with a given variation of neutrons |
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MOLECULE |
Atoms of the same element or different elements can be combined into a molecule. In a molecule, the atoms share electrons but their nuclei remain distinct. The electrical charges of the electrons and protons remain in balance. |
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ION |
In an atom or a molecule, the positive charge of the protons is equal to the negative charge of the electrons. An atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons is called an ion and it is no longer electrically neutral. A negative ion is one that has gained electrons. A positive ion has lost electrons. |
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IONIZATION |
The process of changing an atom or molecule into an ion |
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Radioactive Decay |
A process in which radioisotopes spontaneously release energy while decomposing into more stable forms. It occurs at a slower pace than the chain reactions that produce nuclear explosions. The rate of decomposition by radiological decay is called the half life. |
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FISSION |
Process popularly described as the splitting of atoms. |
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Fusion |
Opposite of fission. Isotopes of light elements are combined to form nuclei of heavier elements. |
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What does the IM 270 detect? |
Measures X-ray and gamma ray radiation in a range of 10 rads to 1000 rads. |
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ATTENUATION |
Radiation is attenuated by absorption as it passes through any material. The more sense the material the more agile sing it provides. |
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Shielding |
Any structural component or material which reduces any incident radiation intensity to some smaller intensity. |
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Absorbed dose |
The dose is the amount of radioactive energy that he body absorbs either in total over a period of time (accumulated dose) or per unit of time (dose rate) |
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Rotational dose |
Determines when you rotate the station |
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Ionizing radiation |
Energy in the form of electromagnetic emissions or subatomic particles thy interact with electrically neutral atoms or molecules, changing them into charged particles |
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Radioactive material |
Any material that contains unstable atoms that give off radiation as they decay |
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Radiation sickness |
The disease resulting from excessive exposure of the body to ionizing radiation; also known as radiation sickness syndrome or radiation injury |
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Radioactive isotopes |
Unstable isotopes that have a tendency to break down or decompose. As their nuclei decompose into a more stable state, they release energy in the form of ionizing radiation. |
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What is the shelf life on a IM 270? |
10 years |
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Needs to be sent to the radiation calibration lab for battery change how many years? |
Every 8 years. |
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What is the purpose of radiological surveys? |
-detection of contamination inside and outside the ship -determine radiation levels and deposition after fallout contamination -used to calculate safe stay times -identifies topside locations that require Decon and hotspots post exposure |
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What is the survey/ monitoring team comprised of? |
1 team leader 1 recorder 1 messenger |
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What are some of things the survey monitoring team bring with them? |
-Radiac meter and probe -dosimeters -protective clothing -survey forms -CBRD marking kit |
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How big is the sign in the Decon kit? |
8 by 11.5 |
