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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was/were the contribution(s) of Frederick Griffith?
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Frederick Griffith was trying to figure out how bacteria made people sick.
He isolated 2 different strains of pneumonia bacteria from mice and grew them on petri dishes. Although both strains grew well in culture, only one caused an actual disease in mice. Griffith decided there was some factor in the heat killed, disease-causing bacteria which passed that information on to the harmless bacteria, causing it to be “transformed |
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What was/were the contribution(s) of Rosalind Franklin?
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Rosalind Franklin worked on determining the structure of DNA by using a technique called X-ray crystallography, in the early 1950’s.Franklin aimed an x-ray beam
at concentrated DNA samples and recorded the scattering pattern of the x-rays on film. |
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What was/were the contribution(s) of Watson and Crick?
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Watson and Crick were trying to determine the nature of the DNA molecule. When they saw one of Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray patterns, they realized that the DNA molecule had to be a double helix, with two strands of DNA wound around each other.
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What are three components of a DNA nucleotide?
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1) 5-carbon sugar
(deoxyribose) 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogen base |
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What are 2 different types of nitrogen bases provide examples.
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1. Purine
adenine guanine 2.)Pyrimidine cytosine thymine |
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Using a ladder as an analogy explain what parts of the nucleotides make up the rungs.
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DNA consists of two strands twisted around one another like a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are made-up of the sugar and the phosphate groups. The rungs are made up of the nitrogen bases.
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The observation that the number of adenine is equal to the number of thymine and the number of cytosine is equal to the number of guanine is called what?
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Chargaff’s Rules
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What part of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur in?
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S phase
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Name three structural differences between RNA and DNA
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RNA is a single-stranded molecule (DNA is double).
RNA contains the sugar ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose). RNA contains uracil (DNA contains thymine). In RNA adenine binds with uracil. |
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List the 3 different types of RNA and the purpose of each one.
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1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries instructions for making
proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) combines with proteins to make ribosomes 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids to the ribosome to be assembled into proteins |
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What is the difference between transcription and translation?
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1.Transcription
The information on the DNA is used to produce RNA 2.Translation The information on the RNA is used to make proteins |
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Explain the process of how DNA is replicated
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DNA replication is carried out by a series of enzymes with very specific functions: some “unzip” the two DNA strands, some join the individual nucleotides to produce the DNA polymer.
DNA polymerase is the principle enzyme involved in DNA replication, forming the DNA polymer from individual nucleotides. DNA helicase unzips the double helix DNA polymerase makes new sections of DNA using the old DNA as a template DNA ligase connects the newly formed sections of DNA together (especially in the lagging strand) |
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Explain the process of protein synthesis
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Proteins are formed in a two step process:
1.Transcription 2.Translation |
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What is the difference if a mutation occurs in a gamete cell compared to a somatic cell?
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● If a mutation occurs in a somatic cell, it affects only the cells of that organism.
● If a mutation occurs in a gamete, it affects the offspring and can be passed on to future generations |
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List 2 main types of mutation define and give examples
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Point mutation – involves only one or a few nucleotides There are three types of point mutations: substitution, deletion, or insertion
Chromosomal mutation – involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes Ex. Dletion and duplication |
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What is Eugenics?
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Eugenics is a pseudo-science loosely based on the idea of selective breeding improving the genetic composition of a population.
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What is selective breeding?Types? Define? Examples?
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Allowing only those organisms with desired traits to produce offspring
Inbreeding:Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics belgian blue cattle Hybridization:A breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar (unlike) individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms. mule |
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What is a transgenic organism?
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A transgenic organism contains genes from other organisms
The resultant DNA is called recombinant DNA because it is produced by combining DNA from different sources |
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What is a clone and explain the process
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A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
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What is DNA fingerprinting?
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People can be identified by traces of their DNA from
blood, skin, hair, saliva and semen through DNA fingerprinting. |
