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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
root system
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All the roots of a plant.
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fibrous root
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A root system made up of many threadlike members of more or less equal length, as in most grasses.
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taproot
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a main root descending downward from the radicle and giving off small lateral roots.
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adventitious
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appearing in an abnormal or unusual position or place, as a root.
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nodes
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point which leaves are attached
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axillary bud
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stucture that has the otential to form a vegetative branch
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petiole
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joins tghe leaf to a node of the stem
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epidermis
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single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects all young parts of the plant
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xylem
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conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots in the shoots
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phloem
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transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and to nonphotosyntetic parts of the shoot system
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tracheids
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A cell in the xylem of vascular plants.
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xylem vessels
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micropipes
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sieve plates
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end walls between sieve tube members in angiosperms
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companion cell
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nonconduting cell
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pith
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internal to the vascular tissue
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tracheids
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A cell in the xylem of vascular plants.
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xylem vessels
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micropipes
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sieve plates
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end walls between sieve tube members in angiosperms
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companion cell
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nonconduting cell
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pith
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internal to the vascular tissue
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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water potential
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physical property predicting direction in which water will flow, governed by solter concentration and applied pressure
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tension
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negative pressure on water or solutions
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flacid
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limp
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turgid
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firm
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turgor pressure
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force directed agaist a cel wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis
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aquaporins
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transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell thatspecifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane
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tonoplast
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membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, seperatingthe cytosol from the cell sap
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bulk flow
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movement of water due to a defference in pressure between two locations
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mycorrhizae
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mutualistic association of plant root and fungus
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transpiration
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evaporative loss of water from a plant
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guttation
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exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants
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transpiration to photosynthesis ratio
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amount of water lost per gram of carbon dioxide assimilater into organic material by photosynthesis
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circadian rhythems
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physiological cycle of about twenty four hours that is present in all ekaryotic organsms
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translocation
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transport via phloem of food in a plant
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sugar sink
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plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar
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transfer cells
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companion cells with numerous in growths of their walls which increase the cells surace area
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essential nutrient
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chemical element that is reuired for a plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle
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macronutrient
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chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts
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micronutrients
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needs in very small amounts and that functions as a componentor cofactor of enzymes
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topsoil
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mixture of particles derived from root living organisms, and humus
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loams
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most fertile of all soils, loams are made up of roughly equal amounts of snad, silt,and clay
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cation exchange
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process in which positivly charged minerals are made available to plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles
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nitrogenase
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enzyme complex, unique to certain prokaryotes that reduce N2 to NH3
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nodules
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swellings on the roots of legumes
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bacteroids
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from of rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a rood nodule
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carpels
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female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of a stigma, style, and ovary
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sepals
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whorl of modified leavesin anigosperms that encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens
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anther
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terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which olen grains wth male gametes formin the flower of an angiosperm
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pollen grain
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structures that contain the immture male gametophyte
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embryo sac
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femal gametophyte of angiosperm, formed from growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei
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nitrogen fixation
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assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokayrotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants
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growth
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IRREVERSIBLE INCREASE IN MASS THAT RESULTS FROM CELL DIVISION and cell expansion
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development
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sum of all of the changes that progressively elaborate and organisms body
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anuuals
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plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season
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biennial
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plant tat requires two ear to complete its life cycle
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perennial
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plant that lives for many years
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meistems
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plant tissue that remains embyronic as long as the [lant lives, allowing for ineterminiate growth
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sclerids
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short, irregular sclerenchyma cell in nutshells and seed coats and scattered through the parenchymas
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root cap
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cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem
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zone of elongation
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region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell divisio
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ground meristem
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primary meristem that gives rise to gground tissue in plants
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stele
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central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are loated
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endodermis
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innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots
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pericycle
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layer of cells just inside the endodermis of a root that may become meristematic and begin dividing again
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vascular bundles
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stand of vacular tissues in a plant stem
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stomata
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microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange
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gard cells
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specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata
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mesophyll
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ground tissue of a leaf, sandwhiched between the upper and lower epidermis
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fusiform initials
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cambium cells within the vacular bundles
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periderm
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protective coat that replaces the epidermis in plants secondary growth
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fusiform initials
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cambium cells within the vacular bundels
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bark
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tissues externaml to the vascular cambium in a plant growing in the thickness, consisting of phloem, cork cambium and cork
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morphogenesis
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development of body shape and organization during ontogeny
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differentiation
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structural and functional divergene of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organisms development
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preprophase band
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microtubles in the cortex of a cell that are concetrated int a ring
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positional information
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signals to which gees regulating development respond, indicating a cells location relative to other cells in embryonic structure
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polarity
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lack of symmetry
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phase change
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shift from one development phase to another
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organ identity genes
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plant gene in which a mutation causes a floral organ to develop in the wrong location
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transport protein
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transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substance to cross the membrane
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proton pump
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active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of cell
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chemiosmosis
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energy coupling mechanism that uses energy gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP
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lenticels
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One of the small, corky pores or narrow lines on the surface of the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gases between the interior tissue and the surrounding air
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sporophyte
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the form of a plant in the alternation of generations that produces asexual spores
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monoecious
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referring to a plant species tat has both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individua;
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dioecious
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referring to a plant species tat has staminate and capellate flowers on seperate plants
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megaspore
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sprore from a heterosporous plant hat develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia
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self incompatibility
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capatibility of certain flowers to block fertilization by pollen from the same or a closely related plant
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hypocotyl
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embronic axis below the point at which the cotyledons are attached
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radicle
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embryonic root of a plant
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scutellum
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specialized type of cotyledon found in the grass family
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apomixis
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asexual production of seeds
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scion
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twig grafted onto the stock when making a raft
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stock
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plant that provides the root systems when making a graft
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second messengers
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a small, nonprotein, water soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cells interior in response to a signal recieved by asignalsreceptor protein
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hormones
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any one of the many circulating organisms that are formed in specialized cels, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells
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phototropism
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growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light
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auxin
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class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid, having a ariety ofeffects, such as phototropic response throught the stimulation of ell elongation similation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traes and fruit
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phytoalexins
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an antibiotic, produced by plants, that destroys microorganisms or inhibits their growth.
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apoptosis
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programed cell death brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cells detined to die
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action specturm
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profile of the relative performance of defferent wavelenghs of light
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graviropism
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a response of a plant or animal in relation ot gravity
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statoliths
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sensory organs that contain mechanoreceptors and functions i nthe sense of equilibrium
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thirmotropism
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directional growth of a plant in relation to touch
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