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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
kaiser
A German emperor
heliocentric theory
the idea that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun
mulatto
Persons of mixed European and African ancestry
guerrilla
A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
coup d’état
Sudden overthrow of government leaders by a small group
absolute monarch
A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society
divine right
The idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
czar
a Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)
constitutional monarchy
A system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
scientific method
A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
Enlightenment
An 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
social contract
The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
Congress of Vienna
a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish log lasting peace andsecurity after the defeat of Napoleon.
nationalism
the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is. to the people with whom they share a culture and history, rather than to a king or empire.
federal system
A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
estate
One of three distinct social classes in France during the 1700s; clergy, nobility, and commoners (the third estate)
Estates-General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
National Assembly
A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
Nation-state
A group of people, having a common culture and identity, that have their own government.
Napoleonic Code
A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
blockade
The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region
balance of power
A political situation in which on one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
peninsulares
In Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain
creole (criollo)
In Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents