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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kaiser
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A German emperor
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heliocentric theory
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the idea that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun
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mulatto
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Persons of mixed European and African ancestry
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guerrilla
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A member of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
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coup d’état
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Sudden overthrow of government leaders by a small group
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absolute monarch
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A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society
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divine right
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The idea that monarchs are God’s representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.
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czar
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a Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)
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constitutional monarchy
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A system of governing in which the ruler’s power is limited by law
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Scientific Revolution
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A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs
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scientific method
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A logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses.
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Enlightenment
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An 18th-century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
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social contract
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The agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government
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Congress of Vienna
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a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish log lasting peace andsecurity after the defeat of Napoleon.
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nationalism
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the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is. to the people with whom they share a culture and history, rather than to a king or empire.
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federal system
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A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states
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estate
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One of three distinct social classes in France during the 1700s; clergy, nobility, and commoners (the third estate)
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Estates-General
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An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France
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National Assembly
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A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
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Nation-state
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A group of people, having a common culture and identity, that have their own government.
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Napoleonic Code
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A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon
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blockade
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The use of troops or ships to prevent commercial traffic from entering or leaving a city or region
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balance of power
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A political situation in which on one nation is powerful enough to pose a threat to others
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peninsulares
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In Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain
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creole (criollo)
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In Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents
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