Unit 4 - Science Revolution

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Giordano Bruno

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Suggested that the universe was infinite and had innumerable planets.

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Johannas Kepler

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Tycho Brahe student who argued that orbits were ellipses. He had a strong mystical streak believed the language of nature was mathematics and humankind had a religious duty to learn what it said.

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Rene Descartes

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Believed that scientific inquiry should begin with rigorous skepticism. He felt that the universe was analogous to a machine in that God had designed nature like a clockmaker using reason and mathematics.

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William Harvey

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Discovered the circulation of the blood and the major function of the heart.

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Andreas Vesalius

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Produced the first set of modern anatomical drawings available for students of medicine.

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Galen

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Ancient medical authority that dominated university medical training well into the seventeenth century.

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Thomas Hobbes

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Author of Leviathan inspired bythe execution of King Charles I by his Puritan opponents. He sought to discover natural laws of civil organization comparable with those in physics and astronomy.

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Blaise Pascal

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French Mathematician who warned that science threatened spiritual values saying “The God of the Christians is not simply the author of geometrical truth.” He cautioned that the claims of the new science were exaggerated and that central truths remained beyond the grasp of reason.

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Galileo

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Spent the final decade of his life under house arrest by the church. All his books were banned.

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John Locke

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A doctor who supervised a successful liver operation on the future Earl of Shaftesbury which made him a fixture in English political life. He though academic life at Oxford University was tiresome due to its uncritical and authority-bound nature.

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quintessence

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In Aristotle’s world view

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Royal Society for Promoting Natural Knowledge

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English learned society that helped explore utilitarian aspects of how nature worked

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Heliocentric System

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Argues that the sun is at the center of the universe. Unsettling in the same way as the Protestant Reformation because It challenged the Catholic Church’s traditional claims to authority. It removed humans from the center of creation.

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Copernicus’ chief complaint about Ptolemaic universe

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Unnecessarily complicated for the cosmos should be a work of simplicity.

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Scientific Revolution and agriculture

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Much of the early work of the Scientific Revolution was more speculative than practical except in this endeavor where the research was enhanced by a more rational and scientific approach which improved the lives of ordinary people.

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Galileo’s law of inertia

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Contradicted the older theory of dynamics that said the natural state of all bodies was at rest claiming there was no natural state.

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Newton

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His law of universal gravitation offered a compelling explanation of the heliocentric theory because it clarified the role of gravity and motion in all aspects of the physical creation. Posited a law of universal gravitation demonstrating that all bodies in motion were intimately connected.

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Dante Alighieri

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Author of The Divine Comedy in which those who abuse God’s gift of reason are severely punished in the afterlife.

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Aristotle

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Ancient philosopher who taught that humans should not put much faith in natural philosophy because most of creation could not be studied and therefore lay beyond human understanding.

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Pico della Mirandola

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Which Italian Renaissance scholar who revived appreciation of the ancient philosopher Plato.

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Robert Bolye

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Distinguished experimental scientist who left money in his will for a series of lectures defending Christianity against its opponents. Believed the most powerful way to counter what he saw as a growing lack of respect for religion was to demonstrate the power and glory of God as revealed in his creation. Boyle’s critique of Galen’s theory introduced the concept that changes in matter were caused by tiny particles that behave in a regular predictable fashion.

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Plato

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An ancient philosopher who taught that reality was based on universal laws of nature that humans could understand a belief that Renaissance scholars found to be enormously liberating

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Locke’s beliefs about legitimate purposes of government

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To protect property; establish a durable social society; to preserve political freedoms; to resist arbitrary authority.

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Medieval conception of cosmos

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Limited in scale hierarchical in structure and monarchical in leadership.

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the great chain of being

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Pre-modern belief that all things in creation were linked in a hierarchical structure

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tabula rasa

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Term used by John Locke to describe the original empty state of the human mind waiting to be filled up with knowledge. He thought the study of the human mind was akin to the study of nature and not inconsistent with Christian faith.

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Surgeons

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Generally trained as barbers and performed dissections during formal medical education. Most physicians and scholars held the practice of dissection in disdain because working with one’s hands received less academic prestige than did intellectual work.