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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the role of ATP in cell metabolism
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ATP stores chemical energy for various cell activities and provides energy for reactions that require energy
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Write the general equation for the formation of ADP to ATP and the breakdown of ATP to ADP
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ATP + H2O = ADP + P + energy ADP + P + energy = ATP |
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Define oxidation and reduction
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oxidation involves LOSS of electrons; reduction involved GAIN of electrons (OIL RIG) |
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Define reducing power and final (terminal) electron (hydrogen) acceptor
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Reducing power: the molecules ability to donate or reduce electrons Final electron acceptor: comes from outside the cell and is (almost always) an inorganic molecule. (O2 in aerobic respiration, inorganic molecule in anaerobic respiration) |
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Show the chemical reduction of: a. NAD+ to NAD b. NAD to NADH c. FAD to FADH2 |
a. NAD+ + e- = NAD b. NAD + e- = NADH c. FAD + 2 hydrogen atoms = FADH2 |
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Define glycolysis
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"splitting of sugar". The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid.
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List the end products of glycolysis
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- 2 molecules of pyruvic acid - 2 molecules of NADH - net production of 2 ATP |
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Explain the function of ATP and NAD+ during the process of glycolysis
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ATP: used to split glucose into 2 pyruvic acid NAD+ : reduced to NADH by picking up the proton released as ATP is broken down to ADP to split glucose |
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Explain the function and list the products of the transition step in cellular respiration
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-creates 2 acetyl CoA from the 2 pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle by taking off a carbon and adding on a Coenzyme A molecule -produces 2 CO2 and 2 NADH |
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Explain the function and list the products of the TCA (Krebs) cycle in cellular respiration |
-to produce large amounts of energy are released from acetyl CoA step by step -products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 beginning 4-carbon molecules, 2 Coenzyme A, 4 CO2 |
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Explain the function and list the products of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
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-convert potential energy of NADH and FADH2 into ATP using proton motive force and the electron transport system -aerobic products: 6 H2O, 6 CO2 and 38 ATP -anaerobic products: 6 (NO2, N2, H2S, CH4) + 6 H2O + 4-38 ATP |
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Describe the relationship among the electron transport chain, the proton motive force and ATP synthase
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at the end of the electron transport chain, the hydrogen crosses back across the membrane by going through ATP synthase (proton motive force) which causes the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.
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Write and explain the general equation for the complete degradation of glucose in an obligate aerobe
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (+ 38 ADP + 38 phosphate) > 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
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Write and explain the general equation for the complete degradation of glucose in an obligate anaerobe
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C6H12O6 + 6 (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate or carbonate) (+ 4-38 ADP + 4-38 phosphate) > 6(NO2, N2, H2S, CH4) + 6H2O + 4-38 ATP
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Write the overall equation for the process of lactic acid fermentation
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Simply: C6H12O6 > 2C2H6O3 + 2ATP (+ NAD+) How: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2ATP > 2C3H4O3 + 4 ATP (2 net ATP) -Glycolysis: Glucose oxidized into 2 pyruvic acid 2(C3H4O3) + NADH > 2(C3H6O3) + NAD+ -the 2 pyruvic acid are reduced by 2 molecules of NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid |
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Write the overall equation for the process of ethyl alcohol fermentation
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Simply: C6H12O6 > 2C2H6O + 2ATP+ 2 CO2 How: C6H12O6 + 2ATP > 2C3H4O3 + 4 ATP (2 net ATP) -Glycolysis: Glucose oxidized into 2 pyruvic acid 2(C3H4O3) + NADH > 2 C2H6O + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP -pyruvic acid converted to acetaldehyde and 2 CO2 -acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol |
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Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation
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Cellular Respiration: -anaerobic or aerobic -final electron acceptor can be oxygen if aerobic or organic molecule other than O2 if anaerobic -forms anywhere from 2-38 ATP per glucose -substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation used to generate ATP Fermentation: -aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions -Final hydrogen acceptor is an organic molecule -only uses substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP -2 ATP produced per glucose (only generates ATP during glycolysis) |
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Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration
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Aerobic: -growth conditions in aerobic environments -final hydrogen acceptor is oxygen -substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation used to generate ATP -36 ATP in euk; 38 ATP in prok. Anaerobic: -growth conditions in anaerobic environments -final hydrogen acceptor is an inorganic substance other that O2 -also substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation used to generate ATP -variable amount of ATP produced, anywhere from 2-38 ATP per glucose |
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Explain why fermentation is not anaerobic respiration
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-Fermentation can take place in aerobic and anaerobic environments -Fermentation only uses substrate level phosphorylation to generate 2 ATP per glucose vs. the 2-38 from anaerobic resp. -Fermentation produces lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 as its products, anaerobic resp. does not do this. |
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Identify the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration to the nitrogen cycle and the importance of the nitrogen cycle to all living organisms
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-CO2 is needed for the nitrogen cycle to take place -all organisms need nitrogen to synthesize protein, nuclein acids, and other nitrogen-containing compounds -activities of specific microbes that fix nitrogen are important in converting nitrogen gas into ammonium so it can be used by plants and other organisms -this ensures that the organisms such as plants can thrive and photosynthesize to make oxygen so we can live! |
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In relationship to DNA, explain why different microorganisms produce different fermentation products and explain why these products can be used in the classification of bacteria
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DNA holds instructions for certain functions of cells. Products can be used to classify bacteria because this means its DNA relates it to other microorganisms that produce the same product. This shows relatedness.
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Describe the process of binary fission
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1) cell elongates and DNA is replicated 2) cell wall and plasma membrane begin to constrict 3) cross-wall form, completely separating the two DNA copies 4) cells separates |
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Define doubling time
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the time it takes for the cell to divide and double its population (generation time)
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Draw and label a bacterial growth curve and explain the major features of each phase of the growth curve
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Discuss the major differences between continuous (open) culture and batch (closed) culture and colony growth
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Continuous culture: some of the bacterial culture is removed periodically and added to a fresh sterile medium Closed culture: no additional nutrients added to the system and waste products aren't removed. Follow a predicted growth curve. |
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Describe how the changes in the physical and nutritional environment of the bacteria impact each phase of the bacterial growth curve
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*Depends entirely on the bacteria discussed. Consider the following factors: Nutrient levels - nutrients present, bacteria flourish, no nutrients, bacteria eventually starve and die off Temperature- outside of optimum temp., growth slows. Temp change too extreme, growth halts Oxygen- depends on respiration type or fermenter Osmotic pressure- too much solute increases osmotic pressure, plasmolysis occurs and cell growth diminishes pH- outside of optimum pH slows growth |
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Describe why bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics during the log phase of the growth curve
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Because this is when bacteria are most metabolically active and reproducing the most, making it more susceptible to antibiotics, especially those that inhibit cell wall synthesis and other metabolic activity.
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