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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 nuclei that make up Basal Ganglia
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Caudate
Putamen Globus Pallidus Substantia Nigra Subthalamic Nuclei |
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3 Basal Ganglia nuclei make up Corpus Striatum
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Caudate
Putamen Globus Pallidus |
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Substantia Nigra identifiable on MRI because of :
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Dark color
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Primary neurotransmitter produced in Substantia Nigra
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Dopamine
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Parkinsons caused by depleted level of:
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Dopamine
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3 Primary functions of Basal ganglia
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Sequencing movement
Regulating muscle tone and force Influencing mood and motivation |
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Efferent info from the DIRECT pathway of the Basal ganglia has an _______ effect on cerebral motor area
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Excitatory
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Efferent info from the INDIRECT pathway of the Basal ganglia has an _______ effect on cerebral motor area
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Inhibitory
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Efferent info leaving the BG travels from the ___ ____ ____ to the thalamus
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Globus Pallidus Internus
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Parkinsons disease is an example of this type of disorder of the basal ganglia
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Hypokinetic disorder
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Huntingtons Chorea and Dystonia are examples of this disorder of the basal ganglia
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Hyperkinetic disorder
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Multiple System Atrophy
list four regions of the brain affected: |
1) Basal ganglia
2) Cerebellum 3) Cerebral Cortex 4) Autonomic Nervous System |
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The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem via:
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The 3 peduncles
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Anterior Lobe
also known as |
Spinocerebellum
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Posterior Lobe
also known as |
Cerebrocerebellum
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Flocculonodular Lobe
also known as |
Vestibulocerebellum
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Anterior Lobe (Spinocerebellum) influence on movement is:
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-Locomotion
- Limb, trunk, tone and posture |
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Posterior Lobe (Cerebrocerebellum) influence on movement is:
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- works with premotor to plan movement
- Coordinates fine, distal voluntary movement - Judge time intervals and produce accurate rhythm |
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Flocculonodular Lobe(Vestibulocerebellum) influence on movement is:
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- Coordinates and influences eye movement
- Postural muscles - Vestibuloocular reflexes |
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Name the 3 peduncles and where they attach the cerebellum to:
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Superior peduncle: midbrain
Middle peduncle: pons Inferior peduncle: medulla |
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Information entering the cerebellum terminates in a ________ depending on its role in movement
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Answer: Region (Specific Lobe)
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The cerebellum receives alot of sensory input but really functions as a part of ______ system.
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Answer: Motor
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A normally functioning Cerebellum will result in this type of movement.
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Smooth
Orderly Sequenced |
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6 Signs of a Cerebellar Lesion
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- Ataxia
- Dysarthria - Nystagmus - Dysdiadochokinesia - Action or intention tremor - Dysmetria |
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Ataxia
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Lack of coordinated movement
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Dysarthria
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Slurred, poorly articulated speech
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Nystagmus
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Involuntary back and forth movement of eyes
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Dysdiadochokinesia
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Inability to rapidly alternate movement (pronation/supination)
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Dysmetria
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Inability to accurately move an INTENDED distance
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Action or Intention tremor
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Shaking of the limb during voluntary movement
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Patient: Midline cerebellar lesion, truncal ataxia will present with loss of _______and ________ balance
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Sitting & Standing
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Gait ataxia is a sign of ______________ lesion in the cerebellum
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Paravermal.
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Gait ataxia (Paravermal) pattern is described as __________ and ____ ______.
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Staggering & Wide based
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One of the tests performed for ataxia is ________.
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Romberg test: where the patient stand with feet close together and the you observe the degree of sway with eyes open/closed.
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Slurred, poorly articulated speech is known as
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Dysarthria
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Lesions in either the ________ or ________ will produce Dysarthria
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Cerebellum or Brainstem
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Nystagmus is due to damage to the _____________ lobe of the cerebellum.
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Vestibulcerebellum
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Lesion in the basal ganglia cause tremors known as ______tremor.
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Resting
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Lesion in the cerebellum cause tremors known as _________/ ________ tremors and occurs when ________.
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- Action/Intention
- moving |
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Dysdiadochkinesia: 2 Examples
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- Supination/Pronation
- Toe tapping |
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Diencephalon: 4 structures that make it up
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- Thalamus
- Epithalamus - Hypothalamus - Subthalamus |
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The thalamus receives information from the ________ ________ and the __________ and all sensory except for smell.
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Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum
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Thalamus: Executive Assistant to the Cerebral cortex because its primary function is to _______ info and ______ it to the designated area of the cortex.
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process and relay(route)
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Hypothalamus 5 Functions
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- Maintain Homeostasis (BP, HR, body temp
- Eating, reproductive, defensive behaviors, - Emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, aversion - Regulate circadian rhythm - Endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism and reproductive organs |
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The regular pattern of our sleep wake cycle
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Circadian rhythm
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The pineal gland is associated with the __________.
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Epithalamus
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Epithalamus regulates glands like: (list 4 glands)
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- Pituitary gland
- Adrenals - Parathyroids - Islets of Langerhans |
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The white matter structure that connects the right and left hemispheres
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Corpus Collosum
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The collection of gray matter structures that forms a border around the diencephalon and teh cortices is known as the ______ system.
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Answer: Limbic
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The Limbic system is also known as the ________ brain because of its influence on the regulation of organs.
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Answer: Visceral
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The Limbic system is also known as the ________ brain because of its influence on behavior, motivation and memory.
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Answer: Emotional
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Limbic Cortex is made of 3 structures
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- Parahippocampal
- Cingulate gyrus - Uncus |
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Functions such as
Changes in vital signs, goosebumps develop, pupils dilate are regulated by the _______ _______ of the limbic cortex. |
Cingulate gyrus
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The hippocampus is a structure in the limbic system highly associated with _______.
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Answer: Memory
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A lesion in the hippocampus region may result in:
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- Compulsive behaviors
- Loss of social inhibition - Unstable mood swings |
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The _________ is a structure in the Limbic system highly associated with EMOTIONS.
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Answer: Amygdala
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A lesion in the Hippocampus or Amygdala region may result in:
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- Compulsive behaviors
- Loss of social inhibition - Unstable mood swings |
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Information leaving the Amygdala region is sent to (list 5 structures)
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-Prefrontal Cortex
- Premotor Cortex - Hypothalamus - Thalamus - Brain stem nuclei |
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5 Primary functions of the Limbic System
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- Regulates feeding and drinking
- Regulates defensive behaviors - Regulates reproductive behaviors - Influences memory - Influences emotions |
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Positive emotions are associated with (R/L) _____ prefrontal hemisphere.
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Answer: Left
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Negative emotions are associated with (R/L) ______prefrontal hemisphere.
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Answer: Right
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Part of the limbic system involved in 'gut feeling' process is
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Visceral actions via ANS neurotransmitters (epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol)
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Describe outcome of prolonged stress and negative emotions on the body
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- Depressed Immune system (excess cortisol)
- More Susceptible to inflammation, allergic reaction, injury, cancer |
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3 Components of Declarative memory
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- Working
- Short-term - Long-term |
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Riding a bike is an example of what type of memory
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Answer: Procedural
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Smelling cookies or a food cooking and remembering childhood memory is and example of this type of memory
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Answer: Emotional
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The part of the Limbic system is involved in procedural memory.
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Hippocampus
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Required for procedural memory to be stored
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Answer: Practice practice practice
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List 3-4 symptoms you can expect to see with someone with a lesion in the Limbic System
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- Inappropriate risky behavior
- Violent behavior - Poor judgment - Difficulty conforming to social norms - Emotional outbursts |
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7 FUNCTIONS the ANS regulates
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- Body Temperature
- Circulation - Digestion - Metabolism - Respiration - Secretions - Chemical composition in tissue and fluids |
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_____receptors are sensitive to pressure and stretch in lungs, aorta, carotid sinuses, veins, bladder and intestines
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Mechano-receptors
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____receptors respond to changes in O2, CO2, glucose levels and other chemicals in aorta, carotid, medulla, hypoth, stomach, taste buds
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Chemo-receptors
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_____receptors primarily respond to ____ and ____ and can be found in walls of ______ and _____.
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- Nociceptors
- stretch & ischemia - arteries & veins |
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Thermoreceptors respond to small changes in cutaneous and blood temp and are found in ____ and the _________.
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- skin
- hypothalamus |
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Information from organs, glands and smooth muscle in the body enter the CNS through the ____ ____ of the spinal cord.
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Answer: Dorsal Root
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Information from organs, glands and smooth muscles innervated by CRANIAL NERVES send their sensory info to the ______ _____ located in the brainstem.
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Answer: Solitary nucleus
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Master controller of HOMEOSTASIS is _________
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Answer: Hypothalamus
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The brain stem regulates: Cardiac, respiratory and gland function primarily via the ____ nerve.
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Answer: X Vagus
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The brain stem's influence on the ANS function is regulated by ____, ____, and the ____ system.
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- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus - Limbic system |
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The two efferent pathways of the ANS are :
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- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic |
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2 Neuron pathway in ANS includes
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- Preganglionic pathway
- Postganglionic pathway |
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Preganglionic pathway is:
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From CNS to Ganglion
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Postganglionic pathway is:
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From Ganglion to the effector (organ or gland)
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acH(acetylcholine) is a ________ neurotransmitter
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Cholinergic
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AcH is the primary neurotransmitter to the _________ system.
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Answer: Parasympathetic
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Epinephrine & Norephinephrine are _______ neurotransmitters.
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Adregenic
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are made in the _______ _____ and secreted directly into the blood.
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Answer: Adrenal glands
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Preganglionic axons of the sympathetic system SYNAPSE out side the spinal cord in this structure ________ _________.
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Answer: Paravertebral Ganglia
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Paravertebral Ganglia are interconnected and travel up/down in sympathetic ______.
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Answer: Trunks
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Postganglionic axons leave this structure and travel with the peripheral nerve to the ______ organ.
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Answer: Effector
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Fibers from Thoracic preganglionic axons ascend to innervate arteries of the face, dilate pupil of eye, elevate upper eyelid
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Answer: Stellate Ganglia
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4 Cranial nerves associated with the parasympathetic nervous system
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CN III (Oculomotor)
CN VII (Facial) CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) CN X (Vagus) |
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Postganglionic fibers carry messages directly to ____ organ.
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Answer: Target
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When a peripheral nerve is severed - you lose 3 autonomic functions:
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- Vascular control
- Temperature regulation - Sweating |
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Drooping upper eyelid
Constriction of pupil Absence of sweating ... are signs of what syndrome |
Answer: Horner's syndrome
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As a result of SCI; patient my lose the following ANS controlled body functions depending on the level of the lesion.
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- Bowel
- Bladder - Genital function - Ascending/Descending signals - If above midthoracic may interfere with BP, Body temp |
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Sudden loss of consciousness, fainting due to lack of adequate blood flow to brain is
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Answer: Syncope
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Syncope occurs as a result of faulty ANS control resulting in sudden _______ ________.
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Active vasodialation
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A way to assess for syncope is to take ________ _________
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Orthostatic
BloodPressure |
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4 D's of brainstem dysfunction
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- Dysarthria
- Dsymetria - Dsyphagia - Diplopia |
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Difficulty swallowing
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Dysphagia
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Difficulty Speaking due to poor control of speech muscles
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Dysarthria
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Double vision
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Diplopia
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Difficulty controlling distance of moving (overshooting)
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Dysmetria
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Dysphagia - Related CN
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V: Trigeminal, VII Facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus, XII Hypoglossal
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Dysarthria - Related CN
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V Trigeminal, VII Facial, X Vagus, XII Hypoglossal
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Diplopia - Related CN
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III Oculomotor
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Define Autonomic Nervous System
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Parts of the nervous system that control the smooth muscles and glands
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The internal capsule is subcortical white matter that surrounds ________ and the ____ ______.
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Thalamus
Basal Ganglia |
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The internal capsule is a bundle of ______ that carries information back and forth from the spinal cord, brain stem, cortex an the 2 structures listed above.
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- Axons
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A person who has an abnormal sense of noxious smell may soon develop an ________ __________ of the limbic cortex
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olfactory hallucination
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The parahippocampal gyrus is in the __________ lobe.
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Temporal
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The underside of the temporal lobe is associated with interpretation of smell - it is known as the _________.
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Uncus
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The hippocampus is a structure in the limbic system that is highly associated with ________.
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Memory
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A lesion in the __________ may result in the person having compulsive behaviors, loss of social inhabition and unstable mood swings
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Hippocampus
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Information leaving the hippocampus is sent to the ___________.
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Hypothalamus
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The ___________ is a structure in the limbic system that is highly associated with emotions.
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Amygdala
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Information leaving the Amygdala is sent to the ________.
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Hypothalamus
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Name the structures that the ANS innervates
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- Vessels
- Smooth muscle - Glands |
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T1-L2: Sympathetic
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Expends energy
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Sacral: Parasympathetic
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Stores energy
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