Unit 4 Biology Terms

Front 1

exoenzymes

Back 1

are secreted by fungi to digest food. They break down complex molecules to smaller organic compounds that the fungi can absorb into their bodies and use.

Front 2

hyphae

Back 2

a network of tiny filaments that make up fungi. It is composed of tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells.

Front 3

chitin

Back 3

a strong but flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that is located in the cell walls of fungi.

Front 4

mycelium

Back 4

The interwoven mass formed from fungal hyphae that surrounds and infiltrates the material on which the fungus feeds.

Front 5

septa

Back 5

cross wall structures that divide the hyphae into cells

Front 6

coenocytic

Back 6

fungi that lack septa, these organisms consist of continuous cytoplasmic mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei

Front 7

mycorrhizae

Back 7

mutually benficial relationships between such fungi and plant roots

Front 8

haustoria

Back 8

specialized hyphae that penetrate tissues of their hosts

Front 9

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Back 9

a types of mycorrhizal fungi that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortx

Front 10

Endomycorrhizal Fungi

Back 10

a type of mycorrhizal fungi that extend their hyphae through he root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell membrane

Front 11

pheromones

Back 11

sexual signaling molecules that are released by two distinct mycelia. sexual reproduction in fungi begins when hyphae from two distinct mycelia release these signaling molecules.

Front 12

plasmogamy

Back 12

the union of the cytoplasm of the two parent mycelia

Front 13

heterokaryon

Back 13

a fungi that has haploid nuclei contributed by each parent that did not fuse right away. Instead part of the mycelia contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei.

Front 14

dikaryotic

Back 14

mycelium in which the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent

Front 15

karyogamy

Back 15

a stage in fungi reproduction where the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells

Front 16

mold

Back 16

rapidly growing mycelia that produce spores, not fruiting bodies

Front 17

yeast

Back 17

asexual unicellular fungi

Front 18

deuteromycetes

Back 18

the fungi that have no known sexual stage. Also called imperfect fungi.

Front 19

opisthokonts

Back 19

members of a clade with the same name. They have posterior flagellum

Front 20

zoospores

Back 20

flagellated spores found in chytrids

Front 21

chytrids

Back 21

The fungi classified in the phylum Chytridiomycota. Found in lakes and soil. saprobes or parasites. Cell walls made of chitin. Some form colonies with hyphae, others are single spherical cells. Have flagellated spores called zoospores.

Front 22

zygomycetes

Back 22

fast growing molds responsible for rotting produce. Others are parasites or commensal symbionts of animals.

Front 23

zygosporangium

Back 23

A sturdy structure produced by plasmogamy in which karyogamy and then meiosis occur.

Front 24

glomeromycetes

Back 24

fungi that forms a distinct type of endomycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae. About 90 percent of plants have a symbiotic partnership with this fungi.

Front 25

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Back 25

a type of endomycorrhizae found in glomeromycetes. THe tips of the hyphae push into a plant root cells and branch into treelike structures know as arbuscules.

Front 26

ascomycetes

Back 26

fungi. marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. has sexual spreos in saclike asci. Often called sac fungi. bear fruiting bodies in ascocarps. Some species live with green algae or cyanobacteria in a symbiotic association called lichens. They reporduce asexually by producing enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

Front 27

asci

Back 27

the saclike structure that produces sexual spores in Ascomycetes

Front 28

ascocarps

Back 28

the fruiting bodies of ascomycetes where they bear their sexual states.

Front 29

conidia

Back 29

asexual spores that ascomycetes use in reproduction

Front 30

basidiomycetes

Back 30

mushrooms and shelf fungi. Also includes molds, mutualist that form mycorrhizae, and two groups of particulary destructive plant parasites, the rusts and smuts. Also called club fungus because of the basidiocarps.

Front 31

basidium

Back 31

a cell in which a transient diploid stage occurs during the fungal life cycle. It is club like shaped. Found in basidiomycetes.

Front 32

basidocarps

Back 32

elaborate fruiting bodies that mycelium uses to eproduce sexually in basidiomycetes.

Front 33

lichens

Back 33

symbiotic association of millions of photosynthetic microorganisms held in a mass of fungal hyphae.

Front 34

soredia

Back 34

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae found in lichen reporduction

Front 35

mycosis

Back 35

fungal infection

Front 36

cleavage

Back 36

this occurs to the zygote in the animal life cycle when a succession of mitotic cell division without cell growth between division cycles occurs.

Front 37

blastula

Back 37

cleavage leads to the formation of this multicellular stage which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball.

Front 38

gastrulation

Back 38

following the blastula stage this process occurs in which layers of embryonic tissues will develop into adult body parts are produced, resulting in a developmental stage called a gastrula.

Front 39

gastrula

Back 39

developmental stage in animal embryo production that follows gastrulation

Front 40

larva

Back 40

a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult stage.

Front 41

metamorphosis

Back 41

animal larvae undergo this, which is a resurgence of development that transforms the animal into an adult.

Front 42

Ediacaran fauna

Back 42

the first generally accepted fossils of animals, which are 575 years old.

Front 43

Cambrian explosion

Back 43

a time period where animal diversification appears to have accelerated dramatically. It is between the years 542 and 525 million years ago

Front 44

grade

Back 44

a group of animal species that share the same level of organizational complexity.

Front 45

body plan

Back 45

the set of morphological and developmental traits that define a grade

Front 46

radial symmetry

Back 46

the symmetry radiates from the center, any imaginary slice through the central axis dives the animal into mirror images.

Front 47

bilateral symmetry

Back 47

two-sided symmetry. Only one division can produce mirror images. A bilateral animal has a dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior ends and sides.

Front 48

dorsal

Back 48

top side of a bilateral animal

Front 49

ventral

Back 49

bottom side of a bilateral animal

Front 50

anterior

Back 50

head end with a mouth

Front 51

posterior

Back 51

the tail end of a bilateral animal

Front 52

cephalization

Back 52

sensory equipment concentrated at the anterior end, along with a central nervous systme in the head.

Front 53

germ layers

Back 53

embryonic layers formed through gastrulation that form the various tissues and organs of the body

Front 54

Ectoderm

Back 54

the germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, which gives rise to the nervous system.

Front 55

Endoderm

Back 55

the innermost germ layer which lines the developing digestive tube and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and organs derived from it.

Front 56

archenteron

Back 56

the developing digestive tube

Front 57

diploblasitic

Back 57

animals that only have two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm

Front 58

mesoderm

Back 58

a third germ layerthat is between the ectoderm and the endoderm, animals with this are said to be triploblastic.

Front 59

triploblastic

Back 59

animals with three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and the endoderm

Front 60

body cavity

Back 60

a fluid filled space separating the digestive tract from the outer body wall, also know as a coelom. Found in some triploblastic animals

Front 61

coelom

Back 61

a fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract form the outer body wall, also known as a body cavity.

Front 62

coelomates

Back 62

animals that possess a true coelom

Front 63

pseudocoelomates

Back 63

a body cavity formed from the blastocoel. The body cavity is only partially lined by the tissues derived from mesoderm

Front 64

acoelomates

Back 64

a triplobatic animals that lack a coelom (body cavity)

Front 65

spiral cleavage

Back 65

a pattern in animals with protostome development, in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo.

Front 66

coelom

Back 66

a fluid-filled space separating the digestive tract form the outer body wall, also known as a body cavity.

Front 67

coelomates

Back 67

animals that possess a true coelom

Front 68

pseudocoelomates

Back 68

a body cavity formed from the blastocoel. The body cavity is only partially lined by the tissues derived from mesoderm

Front 69

acoelomates

Back 69

a triplobatic animals that lack a coelom (body cavity)

Front 70

spiral cleavage

Back 70

a pattern in animals with protostome development, in which the planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo.

Front 71

determinate cleavage

Back 71

a type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

Front 72

radial cleavage

Back 72

a type of embryonic development found in deuterostomes development where the cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular the the vertical axis of the egg.

Front 73

indeterminate cleavage

Back 73

In most animals with deuterostome development a type of cleavage occurs where each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.

Front 74

schizocoelous

Back 74

a developmental pattern which as the archenteron forms in protostome development, initially solid masses of mesoderm split and form the coelomic cavity.

Front 75

enterocoelous

Back 75

a develoment in the body cavity in deuterostomes, where the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron and its cavity becomes the coelom

Front 76

lophophore

Back 76

a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding that are found in some animals such as ectoprocts. And a characteristic that is found in Lophotrochozoans

Front 77

trochophore larva

Back 77

In Lophotrochozoans this is the distinctive larval stage.

Front 78

invertebrates

Back 78

animals that lack a backbone.

Front 79

suspension feeders

Back 79

animals that capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body.

Front 80

spongocoel

Back 80

water is drawn though the preos into this central cavity.

Front 81

choanocytes

Back 81

In sponges these are the cells that line the interior of the spongocoel or the internal water chambers. They are flagellated collar cells.

Front 82

mesphyl

Back 82

two layers of cells separated by a gelatinous region that is found in the body of a sponge

Front 83

amoebocytes

Back 83

cells that awder through the meshul. They take up food from the water and from choanocytes, digest it, and carry nutrients to other cells. They also manufacture tough skeletal finbers within the mesohyl.

Front 84

hermaphrodites

Back 84

animals that each individual functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing sperm and eggs. Most sponges are this.

Front 85

gastrovascular cavity

Back 85

a central digestive compartment, where a single opening functions as both mouth and anus.

Front 86

Polyps

Back 86

cylindrical forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of the body, and extend their tentalces waiting for prey. A type of body plan of Cnidarians. examples include the hydras and sea anemones

Front 87

Medusa

Back 87

a flattened, mouth-down version of a polyp. It moves freely in the water by a combination of passive drifting and contractions of its bell-shaped body. A body plan of a Cnidarian.

Front 88

cnidocytes

Back 88

the tentacles of chidarians are armed with these cells that function in defense of the capture of prey.

Front 89

nematocysts

Back 89

A type of Cnidae, which are capsule-like organelles that are capable of everting. These are stinging capsules.

Front 90

planarians

Back 90

the best known tuvellarians. they prey on smaller animals or feed on dead animals.

Front 91

alimentary canal

Back 91

a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus

Front 92

parthenogenesis

Back 92

a type of reproduction where species only consist of females that produce more females from unfertilized eggs

Front 93

Ectoprocts

Back 93

colonial animals that superficially resemble plants.

Front 94

phoronids

Back 94

tuve-dwelling marine worms

Front 95

brachiopods

Back 95

lamp shells, the two halves of the brachipod shell are dorsal and ventral.

Front 96

closed circulatory system

Back 96

a system where the blood is contained in vessels and is therefore distinct from the fluid in the body cavity

Front 97

muscular food

Back 97

one of the three main parts of a molluscs, it is usually used for movement

Front 98

visceral mass

Back 98

one of the three main parts of a mulluscs, which contains most of the internal organs

Front 99

mantle

Back 99

one of the three main parts of a molluscs which is a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell.

Front 100

mantle cavity

Back 100

a water filled chamber in molluscs that houses the gills, anus and excretory pores.

Front 101

radula

Back 101

a straplike rasping organ that many molluscs use to scrape up food.

Front 102

trochophore

Back 102

a ciliated larval stage in molluscs, marine annelids and other invertebrates.

Front 103

torsion

Back 103

a distincitve characteristic of the class Gastropoda, it is a developmental process in which as the gastropod embryo develops, its visceral mass rotates up to 180 degrees, casing the animals anus and mantle cavity to wind up about its head.

Front 104

ammonites

Back 104

shelled cephalopods, some as large as truck tires. They were the dominant invertebrate predators of the seas for hundreds of millions of years until their disappearance during the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Front 105

cuticle

Back 105

a touch coating found on some animals such as nematodes andarthropods

Front 106

arthropods

Back 106

animals with segmentation, hard exoskeletons and jointed appendages.

Front 107

trilobites

Back 107

arthropods that had pronounced segmentation but their appendages showed little variation from segment to segment.

Front 108

exoskeleton

Back 108

the cuticle that completely covers an arthropod, it is constructed from layers of protein and chitin

Front 109

molting

Back 109

the process that arthropods undergo where they shed their exoskeleton to then produce a new one. They must do this to grow.

Front 110

open circulatory system

Back 110

in arthropods, a circulatory system which fluid called hemolymph is propelled by a heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses surrounding the tissues and organs.

Front 111

chelicerae

Back 111

clawlike feeding appendages which serve as pincers or fangs and are found in cheliceriforms ( a type of arthropod)

Front 112

eurypterids

Back 112

the earliest cheliceriforms, also called water scorpions

Front 113

book lungs

Back 113

most spiders carry out gas exchange through these, which are stacked plates contained in an internal chamber

Front 114

mandibles

Back 114

one pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods and crustaceans.

Front 115

incomplete metamorphosis

Back 115

a type of metamorphosis where the young resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions.

Front 116

complete metamorphosis

Back 116

a type of metamorphosis where the larval stages specialize for eating and growing, and look entirely different from the adult stage.

Front 117

isopods

Back 117

one of the largest groups of crustaceans, include pill bugs or wood lice.

Front 118

decapods

Back 118

the relatively large crustaceans including lobsters, crayfish, crabs and shrimp

Front 119

copepods

Back 119

planktonic crustaceans

Front 120

echinoderms

Back 120

slow-moving or sessile marine animals

Front 121

water vascular system

Back 121

a network of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet which is a unique characteristic of echinoderms

Front 122

tube feet

Back 122

functio in locomotion, feeding and gas exchange in echinoderms