Unit 4

Front 1

Gene regulation

Back 1

Control the cell

Front 2

Differentiation

Back 2

Specialization

Front 3

Activator

Back 3

Start; stimulate rna polymerase

Front 4

Repressor

Back 4

Stop; keep from doing transcription

Front 5

Modulation

Back 5

Helper (mediator) helps activator and repressor

Front 6

Activator and enhancer start:

Back 6

Protein synthesis

Front 7

Promoter

Back 7

Start gene terminator

Front 8

Stop protein synthesis:

Back 8

Repressor + silencer

Front 9

His tones

Back 9

Change transcription (proteins that dna wrap around)

Front 10

Chromatin packing

Back 10

Wrapping histone around

Front 11

CpG islands

Back 11

Area between cytosine and guanine

Front 12

Translation level

Back 12

Convert from mRNA to amino acid

Front 13

Alternative splicing

Back 13

Knows which exons to put together

Front 14

Constitutive exons

Back 14

Constants

Front 15

Dominant

Back 15

Always expressed (capitols)

Front 16

Recessive

Back 16

Lower case

Front 17

Homozygous dominate

Back 17

BB

Front 18

Homozygous recessive

Back 18

bb

Front 19

Heterozygous

Back 19

Bb (dominant trait expressed)

Front 20

Genotype

Back 20

Genetic makeup

Front 21

Phenotype

Back 21

Physical expression

Front 22

Capsid

Back 22

Protein coat

Front 23

Envelope

Back 23

Phospholipid layer (camouflage and protect)

Front 24

Spikes

Back 24

Glycoproteins- attachment

Front 25

Nucleic acids

Back 25

Dna or rna

Front 26

2 types of viruses

Back 26

Eukaryotic cells

Bacterial cells

Front 27

Heterozygous is a form of

Back 27

Intermediate

Front 28

Codominance

Back 28

Only time we use different letters

Front 29

Go back over notes

Back 29

.

Front 30

Activator

Back 30

Enhancer DNA

Positive

More protein

Increases transcription

Front 31

Repressor

Back 31

Silencer DNA

Negative

Decreases transcription

Less protein

Front 32

DNA methylation

Back 32

C in DNA

Negative control

Decreases transcription

Less protein made

Front 33

Histone

Back 33

His tones

Positive or negative control

More or less protein

Front 34

Alternative splicing

Back 34

Pre MRNA

Increases diversity of proteins by increasing # of mature MRNAs that can be made from a single pre MRNA

More protein

Poisitive

Front 35

Micro R N A's

Back 35

Mature m r n a in cytoplasm

Inhibits translation

Less protein

Front 36

Combinatorial control implies about eukaryotic gene expression

Back 36

The combination of many factors determines the expression of any gene. Can control d n a replication, transcription, and translation.

Front 37

Viral replication

Back 37

Attachment

Entry

Integration

Synthesis of viral components

Viral assembly

Release

Front 38

Attachment

Back 38

Ability of the virus to attach to the host cell receptor.

*determines host range of the virus

Front 39

Entry

Back 39

Host enzymes dissolve capsid into cytosol

Front 40

Integration

Back 40

Viral integrase enzyme splices viral DNA into host genome

*turns viral d n a into pro phage

Front 41

Replication

Back 41

Viral genetic material is used as a template by host cell enzyme to make more viral genetic material and capsid protein

Front 42

Assembly

Back 42

Newly made viral particle components are assembled into whole viral particles

Front 43

Release

Back 43

Virus exits the cell through exo cytosis (where they pick up their envelope and spikes)

Front 44

Viroids

Back 44

Infectious rna with no protein coat (plant infection)

Front 45

Capsid

Back 45

Protein coat

Front 46

Envelope

Back 46

Phospholipid layer

Front 47

Spikes

Back 47

Gly co proteins

Front 48

Function of nucleic acid

Back 48

Genetic instructions

Front 49

Function of capsid

Back 49

Protection

Front 50

Function of envelope

Back 50

Protection/camouflage from host immune system

Front 51

Function of spikes

Back 51

Attachment to host cell

Front 52

Bacteria exchange D.N.A thru

Back 52

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction

Front 53

Conjugation

Back 53

One way exchange of d n a through conjugation pilus

Front 54

Transformation

Back 54

Genes transferred from one bacterium to another through the environment

Front 55

Transduction

Back 55

DNA transferred from donor to recipient by a bacterio phage.

Front 56

Recombinant DNA technology

Back 56

Use of laboratory techniques to bring together fragments of DNA from different sources

Front 57

Transgenic organisms or G M O's

Back 57

An organism that carries genes from another organism that were introduced using molecular techniques

Front 58

Vector

Back 58

Segment of dna that will carry the gene of interest that we want to clone into a new host cell

A dna molecule used as a vehicle to artificially Carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated or expressed

Front 59

Biotechnology

Back 59

Use of living organisms or the products of living organisms for human benefit

Front 60

Genetic engineering

Back 60

Direct manipulation of genes for practical applications