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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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breast self-examination (BSE)
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Systematic examination of the breasts by the woman
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Menarche
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Onset, or beginning, of mentrual function
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Menopause
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From the Greek words mensis (month)and pausis (cessation), the actual permanent cessation of menstrual cycles; so diagnosed after 1 year without menses
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Menstrual cycle
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A complex interplay of events that occur simultaneously in the endometrium, the hypothalamus and pituitary glands, and the ovaries that results in ovarian and uterine preparation for pregnancy
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Menstruation
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Periodic vaginal discharge of bloody fluid from the nonpregnant uterus that occurs from the age of puberty to menopause
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Perimenopause
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Period of transition of changing ovarian activity before menopause and through the first few years of amenorrhea
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Prostaglandins (PGs)
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Substances present in many body tissues; have roles in many reproductive tract functions; used to induce abortions and for cervical ripening for labor induction
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Basal Body Temperature(BBT)
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Lowest body temperature of a healthy person taken immediately after awakening and before getting out of bed
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Fertility awareness methods(FAMs)
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Methods of family planning that identify the beginning and end of the fertile period of the menstrual cycle
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Blastocyst
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Stage in development of a mammalian embryo, occuring after the morula stage, that consists of an outer layer, or trophoblast, and a hollow sphere of cells enclosing a cavity
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Chorionic Villi
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Tiny vascular protrusions on the chorionic surface that project into the maternal blood sinuses of the uterus and that help form the placenta and secrete human chorionic gonadotropin
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Chromosomes
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Elements within the cell nucleus carrying genes and composed DNA and proteins
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Conception
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Union of the sperm and ovum resulting in fertilization ; formation of the one-celled zygote
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Decidua basalis
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Maternal aspect of the placenta made up of uterine blood vessels, endometrial stroma, and glands; shed in lochial discharge after birth
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Embryo
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Conceptus from day 15 of development until approxinately the eight week after conception
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Fertilization
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Union of an ovum and a sperm
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Fetal membranes
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Amnion and chorion surrounding the fetus
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Fetus
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Child in utero from approximately the ninth week after conception until birth
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Gamete
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Mature male or female germ cells; the mature sperm or ovum
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Genetics
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Study of single gene or gene sequences and their effects on living organism
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Genome
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Complete copy of genetic material in an organism
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Genomics
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Study of the entire DNA structure of all of an organism's genes including functions and interactions of genes
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Implantation
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Embedding of the fertilized ovum in the uterine mucosa; nidation
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Karyotype
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Schematic arrangements of the chromosomes within a cell to demonstrate their numbers and morphology
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Meiosis
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Process by which germ cells divide and decrease their chromosomal numbers by one half
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Mitosis
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Process of somatic cell division in which a single cell divides, but both of the new cells have the same number of chromosomes as the first
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Monosomy
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Chromosomal aberration characterized by the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid complement
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Morula
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Developmental stage of the first fertilized ovum in which there is a solid mass of cells resembling a mulberry
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Mosaicism
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Condition in which some somatic cells are normal, whereas others show chromosomal aberrations
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Sex Chromosomes
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Chromosomes associated with determination of sex; the X(female) and Y(male)chromosomes; the normal female has two X, and the nromal male has one X and one Y
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Teratogens
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Environmental substances or exposures that result in functional or structural disability
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Zygote
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Cell formed by the union of two reproductive cells or gametes; the fertilized ovum resulting from the union of a sperm and an ovum
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Ballottement
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Diagnostic technique using palpation; a floating fetus, when tapped or pushed, moves away and then returns to touch the examiner's hand
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Braxton Hicks sign
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Mild, intermittent, painless uterine contractions that occur during pregnancy; occur more frequently as pregnancy advances but do not represent true labor; however, they should be distinguished from preterm labor
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Carpal tunnel syndrome
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Pressure on the median nerve at the point which it goes through the carpal tunnel of the wrist; causes soreness, tenderness, and weakness of the muscles of the thumb
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Chadwick sign
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Violet color of vaginal mucous membrane that is visible from approximately the fourth week of pregnancy; caused by increased vascularity
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Chloasma
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Increased pigmentation over bridge of nose and cheeks of pregnant women and some women taking oral contraceptives; also known as "mask of pregnancy"
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Colostrum
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Fluid in the acini cells of the breasts present from early pregnancy into the early postpartal period; rich in antibodies, which provide protection to the breastfed newborn from many diseases; high in protein, which binds bilirubin; and laxative acting, which speeds the elimination of meconium and helps loosen mucus
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Diastasis recti abdominis
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Separation of the two rectus muscles along the median line of the abdminal wall; often seen in women with repeated childbirths or with a multiple gestation
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Epulis
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Tumorlike benign lesion of the gingiva seen in pregnant women
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Funic souffle
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Soft, muffled, blowing sound produced by blood rushing through the umbilical vessels and synchronous withthe fetal heart sounds
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Goodell sign
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Softening of the cervix, a probable sign of pregnancy, occuring during the second month
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Hegar sign
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Softening of the lower uterine segment that is classified as a probable sign of pregnancy, may be present during the second and third months of pregnancy, and is palpated during bimanual examination
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
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Hormone that is produced by chorionic villi; the biologic marker in pregnancy tests
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Leukorrhea
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White or yellowish mucus discharge from the cervical canal or the vagina that may be normal physiologically or caused by pathologic states of the vagina and endocervix
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Lightening
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Sensation of decreased abdominal distention produced by uterine descent into the pelvic cavity as the fetal presenting part settles into the pelvis; usually occurs 2 weeks before the onset of labor in nulliparas
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Linea Nigra
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Line of darker pigmentation seen in some women during the latter part of pregnancy that appears on the middle of the abdomen and extends from the symphysis pubis toward the umbilicus
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Montgomery tubercies
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Small, nodular prominences (sebaceous glands) on the areolas around the nipples of the breasts that enlarge during pregnancy and lactation
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Operculum
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Plug of mucus that fills the cervical canal during pregnancy
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Palmar erythema
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Rash on the surface of the palms sometimes seen in pregnancy
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Ptyalism
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Excessive salivation
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Pyrosis
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Burning sensation in the epigastric and sternal region from stomach acid (heartburn)
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Quickening
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Maternal perception of fetal movement; usually occurs between weeks 16 and 20 of gestation
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Striae gravidarum
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"stretch marks"; shining reddish lines caused by stretching of the skin, often found on the abdomen, thighs, and breasts during pregnancy; these streaks turn to a fine pinkish white or silver tone in time in fair-skinned women and brownish in darker-skinned women
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Uterine souffle
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Soft, blowing sound made by the blood in the arteries of the pregnant uterus and synchronous with the maternal pulse
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Birth plan
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A tool by which parents can explore their childbirth options and choose those that are most important to them
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Couvade syndrome
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The phenomenon of expectant father's experiencing pregnancy-like symptoms
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Cultural prescriptions
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Practices that are expected or acceptable
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Cultural proscriptions
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Frobidden; taboo practices
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Home birth
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Planned birth of the child at home, usually done under the supervision of a midwife
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Morning sickness
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Nausea and vomiting that affect some women during the first few months of their pregnancy; may occur at any time of the day
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Multifetal Pregnancy
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Pregnancy in which there is more than one fetus in the uterus at the same time; multiple pregnancy
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Nagele's rule
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One method for calculating the estimated date of birth or due date
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Pelvic tilt(rock)
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Exercise used to help relieve low back discomfort during menstruation and pregnancy
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Pinch test
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Determines whether nipples are everted or inverted by placing thumb and forefinger on areola and pressing inward; the nipple will stand erect or invert
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Supine hypotension
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Shock; fall in blood pressure caused by impaired venous return when gravid uterus presses on ascending vena cava, when women is lying flat on her back; vena cava syndrome
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Trimesters
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One of three periods of approximately 3 months each into which pregnancy is divided
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Pica
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Unusual oral craving during pregnancy
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Pyrosis
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Aburning sensation in the epigastric and sternal region from stomach acid
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Acoustic stimulation test
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Antepartum test to elicit fetal heart rate response to sound; performed by applying sound source to maternal abdomen over the fetal head
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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Fetal antigen; elevated levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with neural tube defects
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Amniocentesis
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Procedure in which a needle is inserted through the abdominal and uterine walls to obtain amniotic fluid; used for assessment of fetal health and maturity
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amniotic fluid index
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Estimation of amount of amniotic fluid by means of ultrasound to determine excess or decrease
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Biophysical profile(BPP)
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Noninvasive assessment of the fetus and its environment using ultrasonography and fetal monitoring; includes fetal breathing movements, gross body movements, fetal tone, reactive fetal heart rate, and qualitative amniotic fluid volume
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Chorionic villus sampling(CVS)
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Removal of fetal tissue from placenta for genetic diagnostic studies
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Contraction stress test
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Test to stimulate uterine contractions for the pupose of assessing fetal response; a healthy fetus does not react to contractions, whereas a compromised fetus demonstrates late decelerations in the fetal heart rate that are indicative of uteroplacental insufficiency
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Daily fetal movement count(DFMC)
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Maternal assessment of fetal activity; the number of fetal movements within a specified time are counted; also called "kick count"
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Doppler blood flow analysis
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Use of ultrasound for noninvasive measurements of blood flow in the fetus and placenta
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Nonstress test(NST)
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Evaluation of fetal response(fetal heart rate) to natural contractile uterine activity or to an increase in fetal activity
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Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling(PUBS)
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Procedure during which a fetal umbilical vessel is accessed for blood sampling or for transfusions
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Uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI)
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Decline in placental function leading to fetal hypoxia and acidosis; evidenced by late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in response to uterine contractions
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Autoimmune disorders
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Group of diseases that disrupt the function of the immune system, causing the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue damage
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Cardiac decompensation
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Condition of heart failure in which the heart is inable to maintain a sufficient cardiac output
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Peripartum cardiomyopathy
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Inability of the heart to maintain an adequate cardiac output; congestive heart heart failure occuring during the peripartum
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Reflex bradycardia
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Slowing of the heart in response to a particular stimulus
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Cerclage
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Use of nonabsorbable suture to keep a premature dilating cervix closed; usually removed when pregnancy is at term
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Cervical funneling
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Effacement of the internal cervical os
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Ectopic pregnancy
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Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity; locations include the uterine tubes, ovaries, and abdomen
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Hydatidiform mole(molar pregnancy)
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Gestational trophoblastic neoplasm usually resulting from fertilization of an egg that has no nucleus or an inactivated nucleus
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Hyperemesis gravidarum
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Abnormal condition of pregnancy characterized by protracted vomiting, weight loss, and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
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Miscarriage
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Loss of pregnancy that occurs naturally without interference or known cause; also called spontaneous abortion
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Premature dilation of the cervix
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Cervix that is unable to ramain closed until a pregnancy reaches term because of a mechanical defect in the cervix; also called incompetent cervix
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Superimposed preeclampsia
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new onset proteinuria in a women with hypertension before 20 weeks of gestation, sudden increase in proteinuria if already present inearly gestation, sudden increases inhypertension or the development of HELLP syndrome
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TORCH infections
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Infection caused by organisms that damage the embryo or fetus; acronym for toxoplasmois, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus
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