Unit 3: The Skull And The Brain

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SKULL

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COMPOSED OF CRANIAL BONES, FACIAL BONES AND TEETH. ITS PRIMARY FUNCTION IS TO PROTECT THE BRAIN.

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FRONTAL BONE

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LOCATED AT THE FRONT OF THE HEAD, ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE FOREHEAD BONE.

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PARIETAL BONES

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TWO BONES WHICH JOIN ON THE TOP OF THE HEAD AND EXTEND PART WAY DOWN THE SIDES. THESE BONES FORM A PROTECTIVE COVERING AROUND A LARGE PORTION OF THE BRAIN.

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TEMPORAL BONES

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BONES LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE SKULL AND ON EITHER SIDE OF THE HEAD; TERMINATE IN THE AREA OF THE TEMPLES.

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OCCIPITAL BONE

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BONE IN THE LOWER BACK PART OF THE SKULL BETWEEN THE PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL BONES.

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SPHENOID BONE

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LARGE BONE THAT EXTENDS THROUGH THE SKULL, BUT IS VISIBLE FROM BOTH SIDES ONLY AS A SMALL WEDGE IN FRONT OF THE TEMPORAL BONES.

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CHEEKBONES

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LOCATED DIRECTLY BELOW THE EYES ON BOTH SIDES OF THE FACE, KNOWN AS EITHER MALAR BONES OR ZYGOMATIC BONES.

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MALAR BONES

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TWO BONES LOCATED DIRECTLY BELOW THE EYES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE FACE. ALSO CALLED ZYGOMATIC BONES.

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JAWBONES

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KNOWN AS MAXILLA, AND SINCE THERE ARE TWO OF THEM, ONE ABOVE THE OTHER, THEY ARE DISTINGUISHED BY CALLING ONE SUPERIOR AND THE OTHER INFERIOR.

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SUPERIOR MAXILLA

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THE UPPER JAWBONE, WHICH IS LOCATED BELOW THE NOSE AND EXTENDS TO EACH SIDE OF THE SKULL.

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INFERIOR MAXILLA

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LOWER JAWBONE

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MAXILLA

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SUPERIOR MAXILLA, OR UPPER JAWBONE

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MANDIBLE

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LOWER JAWBONE

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TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS (TMJ)

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NAME GIVEN TO A FAMILY OF DISORDERS AFFECTING THE TMJ. COMMON SYMPTOMS INCLUDE PAIN IN THE AREA OF THE TMJ JOINT, DIFFICULTY IN OPENING THE MOUTH, AND GRATING OR CLICKING SOUNDS WHEN OPENING THE MOUTH.

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TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS

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TWO SLIDING BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS THAT PROVIDE A GLIDING ACTION BETWEEN THE UPPER AND LOWER JAWS, ALLOWING YOU TO OPEN AND CLOSE YOUR MOUTH.

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BRUXISM

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CLENCHING OF THE TEETH

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MALOCCLUSION

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"BAD BITE"

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CONDYLE

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ROUND END OF THE MANDIBLE WHICH MOVES IN AND OUT OF THE TMJ SOCKET

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FRACTURE

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BREAK IN A BONE

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SIMPLE FRACTURES

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BONE IS BROKEN, BUT NO EXTERNAL WOUND

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COMPOUND FRACTURES

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BONE IS BROKEN, AND AN EXTERNAL WOULD LEADS DOWN TO THE FRACTURE SITE, OR A PIECE OF THE BONE EXTENDS THROUGH THE SKIN

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LINEAR SKULL FRACTURE

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MERELY A CRACK IN THE BONE, WHICH DOES NOT BREAK INTO PIECES. IT IS THE EASIEST TYPE OF FRACTURE TO TREAT BECAUSE A BONE THAT HAS ONLY BEEN CRACKED DOES NOT REQUIRE SURGICAL TREATMENT.

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COMMINUTED

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WHEN A SKULL BONE IS BROKEN OR SPLINTERED INTO MORE THAN TWO PIECES. NEWARLY IMPOSSIBLE FOR SUCH A FRACTURE TO OCCURE WITHOUT A WOULD TO THE HEAD. TREATED SURGICALLY BY REALIGNING THE BONE PIECES AND HOLDING THEM TOGETHER BY SOME MEANS UNTIL THE BONE PIECES ADHERE.

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DEPRESSED SKULL FRACTURE

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POTENTIALLY THE MOST SERIOUS TYPE OF SKULL FRACTURE, A COMMUNITED FRACTURE IN WHICH ONE OR MORE OF THE BONE PIECES ARE DRIVEN INWARD AND PRESS ON THE BRAIN. THE BRAIN OR ITS COVERING MAY OR MAY NOT BE TORN, BUT THE PRESSURE ON THE BRAIN REMAINS UNTIL THE BONE IS RETURNED TO ITS PROPER POSITION. MUST BE TREATED SURGICALLY.

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BASAL SKULL FRACTURE

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THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF SKULL FRACTURE AT THE BASE OF THE SKULL ON WHICH THE BRAIN RESTS. POTENTIALLY THE MOST DANGEROUS TYPE OF SKULL FRACTURES. USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY BLEEDING FROM ONE OR BOTH EARS AND SOMETIMES FROM THE MOUTH OR NOSE.

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MENINGES

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THE THREE MEMBRANES COVERING THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD. THEY ARE CALLED THE PIA MATER, ARACHNOID, AND DURA MATER.

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CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE

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TRAUMATIC INJURY TO THE SKULL CAUSES ABNORMAL FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE BRAIN OR MENINGES. ONE CAUSE IS A FRACTURED BONE BREAKING BLOOD VESSELS.

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BRAIN CONTUSION

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CONSIDERED LESS SERIOUS THAN A BRAIN LACERATION. BRUISES THE BRAIN AND RESEMBLES A BRUISE ANYWHERE ELSE ON THE BODY. DOES NOT TEAR OR BREAK THE BRAIN OR ITS COVERINGS.

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BRAIN LACERATION

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TEARS INTO THE SUBSTANCE OF THE BRAIN, MORE SEVERE INJURY THAN A BRAIN CONTUSION. MUST BE CAUSED BY AN EXTREMELY SEVERE BLOW TO THE HEAD. USUALLY RESULTS FROM A DEPRESSED SKULL FRACTURE.

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CEREBRAL HEMATOMA

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BLOOD TUMOR LOCATED SOMEWHERE WITHIN THE BRAIN OR MENINGES. FURTHER DEFINED BY WHERE THEY ARE LOCATED IN THE BRAIN OR MENINGES.

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EPIDURAL HEMATOMA

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LOCATED ON OR ABOVE THE DURA MATER.

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SUBDURAL HEMATOMA

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LOCATED UNDER THE DURA MATER.

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CEREBRAL CONCUSSION

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MEANS THE BRAIN HAS BEEN VIOLENTLY SHAKEN ABOUT, USUALLY AS A RESULT OF A BLOW TO THE HEAD. NO HEMORRHAGING OCCURS.

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RESIDUAL SYMPTOMS

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EFFECTS SOMETIMES REAPPEAR IN SOME OTHER MODE.

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HEADACHE

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MAY BE EITHER A DULL OVERALL ACHE OR A SHARP, STABBING SENSATION WHICH BEGINS IN THE AREA WHERE THE BLOW TO THE HEAD OCCURRED.

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NERVOUSNESS

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FEAR, IRRITABILITY, INSOMNIA, ABSENT-MINDEDNESS, LACK OF CONCENTRATION AND PHYSICAL WEAKNESS.

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DIZZINESS

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SENSATION OF SWAYING, LIGHTHEADEDNESS, OR FEELING FAINT.

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A.P. OR ANTEROPOSTERIOR

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RAYS PASS THROUGH THE BODY FROM THE FRONT (ANTERIOR) TO THE BACK (POSTERIOR).

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P.A. OR POSTEROANTERIOR

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RAYS PASS FROM THE BACK OF THE BODY TO THE FRONT OF THE BODY.

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LATERAL

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RAYS PASS FROM ONE SIDE OF THE BODY TO THE OTHER.

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OBLIQUE

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RAYS SLANT DIAGONALLY THROUGH THE BODY.

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COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT SCAN)

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A DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE PROVIDING RAPID IMAGING OF THE BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND SOFT TISSUES. X-RAY BEAMS PASS THROUGH THE SPECIFIED AREA, AND A COMPUTER TRANSFORMS THE RESULTING MEASUREMENTS INTO HIGH-RESOLUTION, TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES.

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TOMOGRAPHY

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TECHNIQUE THAT USES X-RAYS IN A SPECIAL WAY TO CAPTURE THE DETAILS IN A SELECTED STRUCTURE BY BLURRING OTHER IMAGES OR SHADOWS THAT SURROUND THE PART BEING EXAMINED.

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CONTRAST AGENT

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SUCH AS A DYE, IS INJECTED INTO THE BODY BEFORE THE TEST IS PERFORMED TO ENHANCE DETAILS OF CERTAIN PARTS OF THE BODY.

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MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI, NMRI, NMR)

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A TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYZING THE RESPONSE OF CERTAIN ATOMIC NUCLEI TO A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD BY APPLYING A RADIOFREQUENCY PULSE. THE RESULTS ARE VALUABLE IMAGING INFORMAITON OF THE HEART, LARGE BLOOD VESSELS, BRAIN, AND SOFT TISSUES.

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RESONANCE

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AN INTENSIFIED REACTION OF THE NUCLEI TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD, A RESPONSE THAT OCCURS WHEN RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ENERGY IS DIRECTED TOWARD THE BODY'S ATOMS.

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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)

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A DIAGNOSTIC TEST THAT RECORDS THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OCCURRING IN THE BRAIN

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ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (ULTRASONOGRAPHY)

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THE USE OF ULTRASOUND AS A NON-INVASIVE DIAGNOSTIC METHOD IN EXAMINING AND MEASURING INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF THE SKULL.

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TRANSDUCER

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PIECE OF EQUIPMENT DESIGNED TO SEND AND RECEIVE ENERGY AND IF NECESSARY, CONVERT THE ENERGY TO ANOTHER FORM TO MAKE IT USABLE.

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OSCILLOSCOPE

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AN INSTRUMENT THAT RECORDS ELECTRICAL OSCILLATIONS, OR WAVES, ON THE SCREEN OF A CATHODE RAY TUBE.

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TEMPOROPARIETAL AREA

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THE PLACE WHERE THE TEMPORAL AND PARIETAL BONES OF THE SKULL CONVERGE ABOVE THE EAR.

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MIDLINE CEREBRAL STRUCTURES

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VARIOUS CAVITIES IN THE BRAIN THAT ARE TYPICALLY CENTERED WITHIN THE SKULL.