Unit 3 Terms

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Society of the Cincinnati

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Secret society of war veterans who wanted to have hereditary titles; too much like a titled nobility.

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egalitarian

Back 2

A society in which everyone should be treated equally politically, religiously, socially, and culturally.

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Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom (1786)

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Precedent for the First Amendment and the freedom of religious values; Drafted by Thomas Jefferson- in his mind one of his 3 great lifetime achievements.

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cotton gin

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Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, helped the southern economy work more efficiently and was intended to reduce slavery but increased slavery as cotton cultivation increased. Removed the seed from the boll- very tedious task by hand

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"Remember the Ladies"

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A letter written by Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams declaring equal rights for women.

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republican motherhood

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Glorified women's roles as mothers to raise their children, teach them to be good citizens, and to uphold the ideals of republicanism.

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inflation

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A rise in the general level of prices of goods in an economy.

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Barbary Pirates (Corsairs)

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Muslim pirates of North African city-states such as Tripoli who seized ships and engaged in raids. A menace to American shipping until defeated by Thomas Jefferson

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Treaty of Fort Stanswix (1784)

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"After the Iroquois were considerably weakened by the American frontier campaign, they were persuaded to yield land in Pennsylvania and New York. Iroquois relinquishment of claims to additional territory west of the Ohio was fought over adjacent tribes, however, especially the Shawnee, leading to disputes and fighting for years to come.

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Indian Intercourse Act (1790)

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Established that only the federal government, not the states, could negotiate with Indian tribes

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Land was to be systematically surveyed into six mile square (in a gridlike manner) townships. Each township was divided into 36 sections of one square mile and could then be further subdivided to be sold to settlers and land speculators, a portion was set aside for schools

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Northwest Ordinance (1787)

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Established a government for the Northwest Territory (north of the Ohio River), outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states; slavery would be prohibited from this region

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Shay's Rebellion (1786)

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An armed uprising in Massachusetts of poor indebted farmers angered by high taxes, led by Daniel Shays. The federal government was unable to suppress it- only put down by elites in Boston. More than any event convinced influential people that the Articles of Confederation were a failure and stronger central government was needed.

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Annapolis Convention (1786)

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A meeting of delegates from New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia to revise the Articles of Confederation, led to the set-up of the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 because not enough states were present.

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Constitutional Convention (1787)

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Also known as the Philadelphia Convention, this meeting was called initially to revise the Articles of Confederation, and resulted in the creation of the Constitution.

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Virginia Plan

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Large-state plan- which wanted representation in Congress to be based upon population, James Madison

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New Jersey Plan

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Small-state plan- which wanted representation in Congress to equal regardless of a state's population- William Patterson

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Great Compromise

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An agreement at the Constitutional Convention between large and small states (reconciliation of the New Jersey and Virginia Plans) that resulted in modern day Senate (equal #) and House of Representatives (based on population). Sometimes known as the Connecticut Compromise. Resolved the most serious issue at the Constitutional Convention

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Electoral College

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Formally elect the President and Vice President of the United States, created by the Founding Fathers because they feared the masses. The number of each state's electors = # of Representatives + 2 Senators

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Three-fifth's Compromise

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Compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for representation and taxation purposes; and the African slave trade would be ended in 20 years

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Necessary and Proper Clause

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Also known as the Elastic Clause- It allows the Government of the United States to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution." Provides loose constructionists (broad interpretation of the Constitution) justification.

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ratification

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a states approval of a law or constitution that has been proposed

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Federalists

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Supporters of the Constitution during the ratification process, included Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

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Anti-Federalists

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Opponents of the Constitution during the ratification process, included George Mason, Patrick Henry, and John Hancock

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the Constitution, not originally in it- promised during the ratification process to entice Anti-Federalists to support ratification. Guarantees such rights as freedom of speech, right to a fair and speedy trial, and prohibits cruel and unusual punishment

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Census

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Survey every ten years of the population, done mainly for taxation and representation purposes

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Newburgh Conspiracy (1783)

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Soldiers were going to quit the Continental Army because they felt they weren't getting paid by the Continental Congress, so Washington gave them a speech and encouraged to soldiers to stay and he was so inspiring that the soldiers decided to stay and fight for there country

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cabinet

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composed of officers of the executive branch who advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of each member's respective office. Created by George Washington- Secretaries of State, War, and Treasure; today includes many more such as Transportation

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veto

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The power of one branch to reject another decision presented by another branch. The President can reject an act of Congress, but Congress has the ability to override with a 2/3 majority

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precedents

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The standards that are set by one person to affect what the norm is of the future presidents or people. Ex: George Washington established several being the 1st president

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assumption of state debts

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Consolidated the states' debts and were taken over by the federal government. Part of Hamilton's financial plan- made a deal with Jefferson and Madison (who opposed the plan) to move the capital to its present location on the Potomac River (Washington D.C.) in order to obtain their support

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tariffs

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Tax on imports. Done to help fledgling industry. Typically hurt export-based regions (ex: the South) because other nation's retaliate to tariffs by raising their own tariff rates

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excise tax

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Tax on things that the government didn’t want us to have (ex: cigarettes and alcohol). Hamilton imposed such a tax on whiskey as part of his financial program to raise revenue

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Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

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Angry insurgents in western Pennsylvania violently protest a government decision to impose a tax on whiskey. Unlike Shays' Rebellion the federal government put it down. Washington was lenient on the ringleaders

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Bank of the United States

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A bank set up by Congress in 1791 to meet the financial constraints of the brand new government. Most controversial part of Hamilton's Financial Program- good example of the conflict between loose and strict interpretations of the Constitution

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loose construction

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A broad view of the Constitution that does not believe the Constitution must specifically state it to be constitutional because of the Necessary and Proper Clause (ex: Hamilton)

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strict construction

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A narrow interpretation of the Constitution that believes it is only constitutional if the Constitution specially states it (ex: Jefferson)

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First Party System

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The Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) Lasted from the 1790s to 1815 when the Federalists were destroyed by the Hartford Convention and the end of the War of 1812

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Sally Hemmings Affair

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Thomas Jefferson had an affair and a child with one of his slaves- the Federalists publicized this to ruin his reputation

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constituents

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Followers of a political party. For example: western farmers were followers of the Jeffersonians

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Democratic-Republicans

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Political party led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison- pro-French, strict interpretation of the Constitution, appealed to small farmers, states' rights, limited federal power

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Federalist Party

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Political party led by Alexander Hamilton- pro-British, loose interpretation of the Constitution, appealed to commercial classes, stronger federal government, destroyed by the Hartford Convention

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Neutrality Proclamation (1793)

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Washington declared the U.S. would remain neutral in the Napoleonic Wars and refused to abide by the Treaty of Alliance with France

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Citizen Genêt Affair

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A Frenchmen came to America and tried to stir up anti-British sentiments to get America to join the French in the Napoleonic Wars

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Jay Treaty (1795)

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The U.S. secured a promise for the British to finally evacuate the Ohio Valley, but was a very unpopular treaty because it dealt in no way with impressment

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Pinckney's Treaty (1795)

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Treaty with Spain where the United States obtained rights to use the Mississippi River and deposit goods in New Orleans

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Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

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Staggering defeat to the Indians in the old Northwest that led to ceding millions of acres in the Treaty of Greenville

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Treaty of Greenville (1795)

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The Indians ceded millions of acres in the old Northwest after the Battle of Fallen Timbers

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Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

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Actually written, not a speech- reaffirmed American isolationism in European affairs that would last until World War I and calls for an end to partisan bickering

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XYZ Affair (1797)

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French diplomats demanded a $250,000 merely to negotiate with them- outraged Americans and led to the Quasi War

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Quasi War (late 1790s)

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War-like state with France in the late 1790s because of the XYZ Affair. The U.S. built up its navy and was ended in the final days of John Adams' administration

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Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

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Vindictive laws passed by the Federalists to punish Jeffersonian rivals during the Quasi War. Increased the number of years in the naturalization process and gave the president the right to deport immigrants, and curtained freedom of speech and press

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

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Written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Argued a state had a right to nullify a federal law they felt was unconstitutional based on the compact theory of government

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nullification

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The idea that states can refuse to abide by a law they dislike or believe to be unconstitutional. Articulated in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and later championed by John C. Calhoun in the late 1820s-early 1830s

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Compact Theory of government

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The idea that it is the states that create the Union, not the other way around- basis for nullification- articulated in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

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Election of 1800

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Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams vs. Aaron Burr; Burr and Jefferson tied throwing the election to the House of Representatives. Both were Democratic-Republicans and Burr was supposed to be #2 but did not step aside. Hamilton used his influence to break the deadlock in favor of Jefferson because he hated Burr so much. 1st transfer of power in U.S. history and John Adams quietly left D.C. on Jefferson's inaugural day. Jefferson urged unity- "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans." "The Revolution of 1800"

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Twelfth Amendment (1804)

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Separate ballots would be cast for President and Vice President to avoid a situation similar to the Election of 1800.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

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Created and established the organization of the Supreme Court

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Judiciary Act of 1801

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Passed by the Federalists during Adams' lame duck period- increased the number of federal judges so the Federalists could maintain power in that branch of government. These judges would be known as the Midnight Judges

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The Midnight Judges

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Critical term coined by Jeffersonians to describe the federal judges appointed by John Adams in his final days of office because of the Judiciary Act of 1801. Included Chief Justice John Marshall

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

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Most important Supreme Court because it established the precedent of judicial review- the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional an act of Congress for the first time when it declared a portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. This is the case that gives the Supreme Court its power today

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judicial review

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The power of the Supreme Court to determine the constitutionality of issues. Precedent was established by Marbury v. Madison (1803)

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Louisiana Purchase (1803)

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The U.S. was fearful of France taking over Louisiana from Spain. Jefferson really wanted New Orleans because western farmers needed navigation rights to the Mississippi River. Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana after 1) resumption of Napoleonic Wars and 2) disaster in Santo Domingo (Haiti). Jefferson had major constitutional qualms but decided to buy it anyway because it was too good of a deal to double the size of the U.S. for only $15 million

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Santo Domingo

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Also known as Haiti- French sugar island that gained its independence when Toussaint L'Ouverture led a massive slave revolt. But mosquito-borne yellow fever is the primary reason the French Army was wiped out. With the loss of Haiti Napoleon decided to sell Louisiana

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Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

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Scientific and exploring expedition to explore the upper reaches of the Louisiana Territory along the Missouri River. Reached the Pacific Ocean in Oregon and returned losing only one member along the way.

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Burr-Hamilton Duel (1804)

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A political opponent of Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, challenges him to duel on a remote island for insulting his honor. Hamilton is fatally wounded.

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Burr's Conspiracy

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A wild plan of Aaron Burr to lead a group of rough people to take over a large area of North America. Not exactly clear what Burr was up to. Burr was not convicted of treason because during his trial John C. Marshall ruled there must be 2 witnesses to each overt act of treason- cannot rely on heresy

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Napoleonic Wars (1790s-1815)

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England vs. France. France eventually loses, bitter defeat for Napoleon. The U.S. unsuccessfully tries to avoid being negatively impacted.

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Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

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Dominating British victory during the Napoleonic wars- where Britain because master of the oceans ("the shark")

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Battle of Austerlitz (1805)

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Dominating French victory during the Napoleonic Wars- where France became master of the European continent ("the tiger"

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Continental System

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This was the large scale embargo on British goods enforced by Napoleon to combat the British blockade. Lasted from 1806 to 1814. Declared any ship who complied with the Orders-in-Council would be seized.

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Orders-in-Council

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British response to the Napoleonic Wars and restricted trade with France and created a blockade on French ports by the Royal Navy. Required neutral ships bound for Europe to first stop in England for inspection for contraband.

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Impressment

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British policy of taking people off of ships and forcing them into the navy. This was used in the Napoleonic Wars to get more people for the British navy.

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Chesapeake Affair

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This was when the British warship HMS leopard attacked and took over the American ship, Chesapeake. The British were looking for deserters and the attack killed 3 Americans and injured 18 more. Angered Americans and led to the Embargo Act

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Embargo Act (1807)

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Prohibited American ships from leaving the United States for any port anywhere in the world. Hurt the United States more than anything, especially New England. Was done as part of Jefferson's policy of peaceful coercion to respond to the Chesapeake Affair without going to war.

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Non Intercourse Act (1809)

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Passed by Madison after he repealed the Embargo. It made it to where American ships could trade with all countries except for Britain and France. Like the Embargo- it was ineffective.

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Macon's Bill #2 (1810)

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With the Non- Intercourse Act being unpopular and difficult to enforce, Madison sought to lift restriction off either France or Britain if they lifted theirs. Napoleon jumped on this and then duped Madison.

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"twisting the lion's tail"

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An anti-British tradition that was a contributing factor to the start of the War of 1812. It was the stirring up of anti-British sentiments for political gain that was especially popular among the Irish.

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War Hawks

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New class of Democratic-Republican Congressmen from the South and the West who took office in 1811, anti-British, felt national honor was at stake, wanted to eliminate Indian threat. Included Henry Clay, Felix Grundy, and John C. Calhoun

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War of 1812 (1812-1815)

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Cause by Impressment and the Orders in Council, Indians, Anti-British, and the War Hawks. Declared June 18, 1812. Basically ended in a draw despite the British burned Washington D.C. and the U.S. won a smashing victory at New Orleans. Sometimes known as the Second American Revolution

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Burning of Washington D.C. (1814)

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French British troops burned Washington D.C. to the ground of the American army fled in panic. Battle of Fort McHenry held outside Baltimore, Maryland, established "The Star Spangled Banner."

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Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

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In present day Alabama Andrew Jackson destroyed a Creek village and broke their power. More Native Americans killed in this battle than any other in American history. Sam Houston was wounded.

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Battle of Tippecanoe

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In this battle the power of the Shawnee was weakened by William Harrison in December of 1811, broke the power of the Indians in the old Northwest. Harrison was propelled to the presidency for his role.

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Hartford Convention

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This was the gathering of New England Federalists in December 1814 they were against the War of 1812 they also proposed changes such as a 2/3 majority to admit states and an overturn of the 3/5 compromise. Their activities bordered on treason and this is the #1 reason by the Federalist Party died

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Treaty of Ghent

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Ended the War of 1812. The Tsar of Russia really wanted an end because he wanted Britain to focus on Napoleon. Ended the war with basically a tie as everything was returned to "status quo ante bellum" December 24, 1814- two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans

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Status quo Antebellum

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"Same as before" didn’t solve pre-existing problems- the terms in the Treaty of Ghent (1814)

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The Battle of New Orleans (1815)

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The final battle of the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson fighting against the British. The Treaty of Ghent was signed two weeks before the battle. The victory inspired a wave of nationalism and made Andrew Jackson a national hero.

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Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

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An agreement between the United States and Great Britain concerning the Canadian border and Great Lakes, each nation should have no more than four warships, none to exceed 100 tons, on the Great Lakes. The agreement, a result of negotiations begun after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent

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The Era of Good Feeling (1816-1824)

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The eight years (1816-1824) after the War of 1812 that was marked by nationalism and one-party rule after the demise of the Federalist Party. Occurred during James Monroe's presidency.

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The American System

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ideas of Henry Clay, consisting of 1)a high tariff to support 2) internal improvements such as road-building, and 3) a second national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. Approved because of nationalistic feelings during the Era of Good Feelings

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The Second Bank of the United States

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Established in 1816 for a 20-year charter. Replaced the 1st Bank which expired in 1811. Hated by the West where it was known as the "Monster". Part of the American System supported by New England.

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internal improvements

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Transportation improvements such as roads, canals, and later railroads. Part of the American System- supported by the West and South. Related to the Bonus Bill

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Bonus Bill

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Introduced by John C Calhoun in 1817, it was to build a highway to link the east to south to west using the earnings bonus from The Second Bank

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Panic of 1819

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1st major financial crisis in U.S. History- caused by overspeculation of western lands. Hurt the South more than any other region, especially South Carolina

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Land Act of 1820

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Required a down payment on land sold by the U.S. government and reduced the price of an acre. This helped the average American pay loans for land in the west after the Panic of 1819

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Missouri Compromise (1820)

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Caused by Missouri applying to be a state- would upset the sectional balance of slave and free states. Missouri entered the Union as a slave state and in the Louisiana Purchase all land north of 36,30 (other than Missouri of course) would be free, south of that line would be slave.

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Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

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Marshall Court case which upheld a contract no matter if it had been obtained fraudulently, as in this case of the Yazoo Land Company

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Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819)

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Marshall Court case which upheld the charter of Dartmouth College even though it was granted by the king. Victory for the right of contracts.

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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

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Marshall Court case. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. The Court prohibited the state from taxing the Bank ("the power to tax is the power to destroy" and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank because of the Necessary and Proper Clause

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Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

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Marshall Court Case- The United States Supreme Court asserted its power to review state supreme court decisions in criminal law matters when they claim that their Constitutional rights have been violated

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Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

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Marshall Court Case- The United States Supreme Court held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Involved the State of New York trying to grant a monopoly of interstate ferry and steam lines.

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Treaty of 1818

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Was a treaty between the United States and the Britain resolving standing boundary issues between the two nations and allowed for mutual use of the Oregon territory. Established the border between the United States and Canada west of the Great Lakes along the 49th parallel

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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

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The U.S. obtained Florida from Spain and renounced any claims it had on Texas. Spain sold Florida because of Andrew Jackson's invasion and the realization they would lose the area anyway

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Monroe Doctrine (1823)

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European powers, namely Spain and France, were distressed by the Latin American countries declaring their independence and rebelling. They wanted to go back in and restore monarchial rule. England, however, wanted to limit his rivals' power, and told America, "If you want to keep your 'freedom' thing growing in the Americas, I'll back you up." America was then in a position to declare this, that "All of you guys can keep your old colonies, but I won't allow you to colonize anymore!" The strength and extent of this statement has waxed and waned with America's power, but no one really challenges it.