Unit 3: Skeleton And Articulations

Front 1

Osteogenic cell

Back 1

Stem cell derived from mesenchyme that has mitotic potential and the ability to differentiate into an osteoblast.

Front 2

Osteoblast

Back 2

Cell formed from an osteogenic cell that participates in bone formation some organic compounds and inorganic salts.

Front 3

Osteocyte

Back 3

Once osteoblasts get trapped in their secretions, they become osteocytes. Osteocytes maintain the daily metabolism of osseous tissue (exchange of nutrients and wastes with blood).

Front 4

Osteoclast

Back 4

Concentrated in endosteum, osteoclasts release powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue.

Front 5

Matrix

Back 5

Extracellular matrix in osseous tissue: 25% water, 25%collagen, 50% crystallized mineral salts.

Front 6

Spongy

Back 6

Bone tissue that does not contain osteons. Lighweight and sometimes filled with red bone marrow.

Front 7

Trabeculae

Back 7

Lamellae that are arranged in an irregular lattice of thin columns of bone. The spaces between lamellae make the bone light.

Front 8

Compact

Back 8

Bone tissue that contains few spaces. Provides protection and support and resists stress produced by weight and movement.

Front 9

Osteon

Back 9

Compact bone tissue is arranged in repeating units called osteons (aka Haversian systems). Osteons in compact bone tissue are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress.

Front 10

Haversian Canal

Back 10

A circular channel running longitudinally in the center of and osteon; contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Hint 10

Think opposite of horizontal.

Front 11

Lamellae

Back 11

Rings of hard, calcified extracellular matrix that are around central canals

Hint 11

Tree trunk

Front 12

Canaliculi

Back 12

Small channels radiating in all directions from the lacunae filled with extracellular fluid.

Hint 12

Fingers go where?

Front 13

Lacuna

Back 13

A small, hollow space, such as that found in bones in which the osetcytes lie.

Hint 13

Oseocytes go where?

Front 14

Flat

Back 14

Type of bone that are generally thin, afford considerable protection, and provide extensive surfaces for muscle attachment. (Ribs, sternum, scapulae)

Front 15

Irregular

Back 15

Bones that have complex shapes and that cannot be grouped into any other category. (Vertebrae, pelvis, calcaneous)

Front 16

Short

Back 16

Bones that are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length and width. (Tarsals, carpals)

Front 17

Long

Back 17

Bones that have a greater length than width and consist of a shaft and two extremities. They are slightly curved for strength. (Humerus, femur, phalanges, tibial, and fibula)

Front 18

Sesamoid

Back 18

Bones that are, well, shaped like a sesame seed. They develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, tension, and physical stress, such as the palms and soles. They also protect tendons from wear and tear. (The two patellae)

Front 19

Functions of Bones

Back 19

Structure
Protection
Assistance in movement
Mineral homeostasis
Blood cell production
Triglyceride storage

Hint 19

SPAMBT

Front 20

Diaphysis

Back 20

The bone's shaft, or body-- the long cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

Front 21

Metaphyses

Back 21

The regions in a mature bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis. In a growing bone, each meta contains an epiphyseal plate that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length. When bone growth stops, is it called an epiphyseaal line.

Front 22

Epiphysis

Back 22

The distal and proximal ends of the bone.

Front 23

Periosteum

Back 23

A tough sheath of of dense irregular tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage.

Front 24

Endosteum

Back 24

A thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity, contains bone-forming cells.

Front 25

Medullary cavity

Back 25

The space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow for adults. Important energy reserves.

Front 26

Bone marrow - red & yellow

Back 26

Red- Connective tissue that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Yellow- Consists mainly of adipocytes, which store triglycerides, and a few blood cells.
With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yellow.

Front 27

Articular cartilage

Back 27

A thin layer of hyaline cartelage covering the part of the apiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. Reduces friction and absorbs shock.

Front 28

Axial

Back 28

Bones found on the straight line (axis) that runs through the body's center of gravity.
(Skull, Vertebral column, Ribs, etc.)

Front 29

Appendicular

Back 29

All of the other bones (Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, Upper limbs, Pelvic girdle, Lower limbs)

Front 30

Pectoral Girdle

Back 30

Shoulder bones: clavicle and scapula (4 bones total).

Front 31

Pelvic girdle

Back 31

Hip bones: Coxal bone (2 total).

Front 32

Ossification

Back 32

The process by which bone forms.

Front 33

Intramembranous

Back 33

The simpler one of the two ossification methods (osseous tissue forms directly within mesenchyme):
1. Center of ossification develops
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of periosteum

Front 34

Endochondral

Back 34

More complex of the two (osseous tissue forms within hyaline cartilage):
1. Development of cartilage model
2. Growth of cartilage model
3. Development of the primary ossification center
4. Development of the medullary cavity
5. Development of the secondary ossification centers
6. Formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate.

Front 35

Epiphyseal plate/line

Back 35

Line- the remnant of the epiphyseal plate in the metaphysis of a long bone.
Plate- the hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis of a long bone; site of lengthwise growth in bones.

Front 36

hGH & IGFs

Back 36

hGH (human growth hormone)- hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of body tissues (esp. skeletal and muscular).
IGFs (insulin-like growth factors)- peptide hormones secreted from many different cells.

Front 37

Anterior pituitary gland

Back 37

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Front 38

Vitamins

Back 38

Organic molecules necessary in trace amounts that act as catalysts in normal metabolic processes in the body.

Front 39

Sex hormones

Back 39

Androgens (testosterone) and estrogens

Front 40

Vertebral column

Back 40

...aka spine, is composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.

Front 41

Cervical

Back 41

Vertebrae found in the neck region (7).

Front 42

Thoracic

Back 42

Vertebrae found in the upper-back (12).

Front 43

Lumbar

Back 43

Vertebrae that support the lower back (5).

Front 44

Sacrum

Back 44

Consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae (1).

Front 45

Coccyx

Back 45

Consists of 4 fused coccygeal vertebrae (1).

Front 46

Dens

Back 46

A peg-like process in the axis (second cervical vertebra) that allows for side-to-side movement of the head.

Front 47

Axis

Back 47

The second cervical vertebra (C2).

Front 48

Atlas

Back 48

The first cervival vertebra (C1). Supports the head, doesn't have a body, allows for up-and-down of the head.

Front 49

Intervertebral disc

Back 49

Fibrous ring with a pulpy , highly elastic middle found inbetween the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

Front 50

Body

Back 50

The thick, disk-shaped anterior portion that is the weight-bearing part of a vertebra.

Front 51

Spinous process

Back 51

Process that projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae (aka the big one that sticks away from the body).

Front 52

Transverse process

Back 52

Process that extends laterally on each side.

Front 53

Articulation

Back 53

A joint.

Front 54

Fibrous

Back 54

In a fibrous joint, the bones are held together by fibrous connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers. There is no synovial cavity.

Hint 54

Joint

Front 55

Cartilaginous

Back 55

In cartilaginous joints, the bones are held together by cartilage, and there is no synovial cavity.

Hint 55

Joint

Front 56

Synovial

Back 56

In a synovial joint, there is a synovial cavity and the bones are united by the dense irregular connective tissue of an articualr capsule, and often by accessory ligaments.

Hint 56

Joint

Front 57

Ligament

Back 57

Fibers of some fibrous capsules are arranged in parallel bundles that are highly adaptive for resisting strains. BONE-TO-BONE.

Hint 57

holds what?

Front 58

Synovial membrane

Back 58

The inner layer of the articular capsule that is composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers.

Hint 58

Covers synovial cavity.

Front 59

Meniscus

Back 59

Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of bones and are attached to the fibrous capsule.

Hint 59

Think kneepads

Front 60

Bursa

Back 60

Sac-like structures that are strategically places to alleviate friction in some joints.

Front 61

Collateral ligaments

Back 61

On the sides of a synovial joint holding the two bones together.

Front 62

Cruciate ligaments

Back 62

Inbetween a synovial joint holding the two bones together.

Front 63

Ball and socket

Back 63

A b-and-s joint consists of the ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cup-like depression of another bone. Permits all movements. (Humerus and scapula, femur and hip)

Front 64

Condyloid

Back 64

In a condyloid joint, the convex oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another. (Carpals and phalanges)

Front 65

Gliding/Planar

Back 65

Articulating surfaces of bones in a planar joint are flat or slightly curved. Planar joints permit side-to-side and back-and-forth gliding movements. (Tarsals and tarsals, carpals and carpals)

Front 66

Hinge

Back 66

In a hinge joint, the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another. Allows for 2 movements.(Ulna and humerus aka elbow)

Front 67

Pivot

Back 67

In a pivot joint, the rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament. (Radius and ulna, atlas and axis)

Front 68

Saddle

Back 68

In a saddle joint, the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaoed; the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" like a rider on a horse. Allows for 4 movements. (Trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb)