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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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gas exchange, production of sound waves for speech, control of body pH by controlling amount of CO2 in body
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What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?
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nose and pharynx
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What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
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larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
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What are the accessory organs for the respiratory system?
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oral cavity, rib cage, diaphram
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What nerve serves the diaphragm?
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phrenic
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What kind of muscle is the diaphragm?
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skeletal
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Define the respiratory zone.
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actual site of gas exchange
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Define the conducting zone.
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passageway down to the respiratory zone
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What forms the nasal septum?
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perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and cartilage of the septum
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What separates the nasal from the oral cavity?
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the palate
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What bones contain the nasal sinuses?
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ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoid
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What are the external nares?
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the holes where your finger goes
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What are the internal nares?
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right after the nasal cavity before the nasopharynx
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What lines the nasal cavity?
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mucosa
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What is the function of the nose?
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warms, moistens, and filters air you are breathing in and organ of smell
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What lines the pharynx?
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mucous membrane
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What are the regions the pharynx is divided into?
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Where is the nasopharynx?
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behind the nasal cavity from posterior nares to the level of the soft pallet
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Where is the oropharynx?
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behind the mouth from the soft pallet to the hyoid bone
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Where is the laryngopharynx?
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from hyoid bone to esophagus
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What are the fauces?
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passageways from oral cavity to your throat
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Where are the eustachian tubes?
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between middle ear and nasopharynx
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What is phonation?
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formation of sounds for words
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What is the common name for the larynx?
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voice box
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Between what vertebrae can you find the larynx?
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C3-C6
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Where can you find the vestibular or false vocal cords?
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upper pair of folds in the larynx
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Where can you find the true vocal cords?
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lower pair of fold in the larynx
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What is the rima glottis?
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space between lower pair where you force air in your larynx
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What are the three single folds in the larynx?
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thryroid cartilage, epiglottis, cricoids
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What is another name for the thyroid cartilage?
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Adam's apple
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What is the function of the cricoids in the larynx?
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attaches to trachea
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What kind of muscles can be found in the larynx?
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skeletal
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What do the intrinsic muscles in the larynx do?
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control the tension and the length of vocal cords
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What is the common name for the trachea?
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wind pipe
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Where does the trachea extend to?
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larynx and primary bronchi
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What are the four layers of the trachea?
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mucous membrane, submucous membrane, 20 incomples rings of hyline cartilage, connective tissue covering
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What are the organs in descending order from the nose to the alveoli?
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nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
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What kind of epithelium is the mucous membrane layer of the trachea made out of?
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium with lots of goblet cells
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How far down does the trachea extend to?
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T5
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Which bronchus is bigger?
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right
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What do the bronchi eventually branch to form?
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bronchioles
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What are the smallest branches of the bronchioles called?
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alveolar duct
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What is the alveolar duct?
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the tube that opens into the functional unit of the lungs
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What kind of muscle can be found in the wall of the bronchial tree?
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smooth muscle
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How many fissures does the right lobe and what are they called?
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horizontal and oblique
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How many fissures does the left lobe have and what are they called?
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oblique
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What is the functional unit of the lungs?
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alveolus
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What lines the alveoli?
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simple squamous epithelium supported by an elastic connective tissue basement membrane fibers
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What type of cells line the alveolar wall?
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septal cells
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What is the function of the septal cells?
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secrete a substance called alveolar fluid which keeps the inside surface of the alveoli wet
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What is surfactant made of?
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compound made of phospholipids and lipoproteins
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What are the bony components of the nose?
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nasal bones
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Where are the conchae of the nasal cavities and what is their function?
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nasal cavity upper chambers (ethmoid bone), provides for humidification and warming of the air
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What are the bony components of the nasal cavity?
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perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilage
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What is the inferior nasal meatus?
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space between inferior choncae and the the floor of the nasal cavity
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Which meatus is the biggest?
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inferior
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What is the function and location of the paranasal sinuses?
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located in the frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid bones - These cavities lighten the weight of the bones and add resonance to the voice.
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What bony components make up the hard palate?
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palatine and maxillae
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What is the name and the location of the respiratory centers in the brain?
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pneumotaxic center and apneustic center in the pons
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What is the location, function, and structures located in the mediastinum?
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between the breast bone and the back bone. It is the space in the chest that contains all the organs of the chest (heart, oesophagus, trachea, thymus and some large vessels) except the lungs and pleurae (the layer covering the lungs).
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What are the names of the pleural membranes and the space between?
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Parietal pleura - next to the chest, Visceral pleura - next to the lungs
pleural cavity - space between the two |
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Define hypoxia.
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deficiency in O2
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Define hypercapnia.
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too much CO2
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Define anemia.
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the individual lacks sufficient hemoglobin to transport adequate amounts of O2
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What are the regions of the pharynx?
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Define tidal volume.
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The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath.
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Define forced inspiration
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The recording of a maximal inspiration from Total Lung Capacity
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Define force expiration.
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The recording of a maximal expiration from Total Lung Capacity
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Define inspiration reserve volume.
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The maximal volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration
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Define expiatory reserve volume.
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The maximal volume of air, usually about 1000 milliliters, that can be expelled from the lungs after normal expiration
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Define residual volume.
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Air remaining in the lungs after the most complete expiration possible;
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Define vital capacity.
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the maximum amount of air that a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent
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Define total lung capacity.
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the maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible inspiratory effort
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Define anatomical dead space.
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The space in the trachea, bronchi, and other air passages which contains air that does not reach the alveoli during respiration
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Define primary bronchi.
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the two main air passages which branch from the trachea outside the lung.
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Define lobar bronchi.
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The divisions of the main bronchi that supply the lobes of the lungs
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What lines the segmental or tertiary bonchi?
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epithelium and two ribbons of smooth muscle
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Where do you find the terminal bronchiole?
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at the end of the conducting zone transitioning to the respiratory zone
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When do alveoli become present?
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at the terminal bronchioles
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What are the final branches of the bronchioles?
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respiratory
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What is the smallest of the branches of bronchioles?
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alveolar duct
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Define alveolar duct.
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the tube that opens into the functional unit of the lungs
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What is the order of the branching of the bronchi?
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primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, segmental bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct
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Define the paired arytenoid cartilage of the larynx.
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triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of mobility
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Define the paired corniculate cartilages of the larynx.
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horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage which are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage
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Define the paired cuneiform cartilages of the larynx.
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club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages which support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis
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Which pair of cartilages in the larynx are triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage located at the posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage. They form synovial joints with the cricoid cartilage and have a wide range of mobility?
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arytenoid
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What pair of cartilages in the larynx are horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilage which are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage?
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corniculate
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What pair of cartilages of the larynx are club-shaped elastic cartilages anterior to the corniculate cartilages which support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis?
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cuneiform
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What are the portions of the pharynx from most superior to inferior?
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nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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Which portion of the pharynx holds the tonsils?
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nasopharynx
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Why is it better to have many alveoli instead of just one big one?
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increases surface area
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What are the cells that can be found in in alveolar wall?
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machrophages and fibroblasts
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What cell in the alveolar wall contributes to recoil?
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fibroblasts
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Gas exchange between lungs and blood happens through a _______________.
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respiratory membrane
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Does hypoxia cause vasodilation or vasocontstriction?
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vasoconstriction
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What is the function of septal cells?
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secretes alveolar fluid which keeps alveoli moist
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Define intrapulmonary pressure.
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air pressure in the alveoli, the value changes with the stages of ventilation
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Define intrapleural pressure.
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pressure on the outside of the lungs in the pleura cavity.
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Why is the intrapleural pressure so low?
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makes sure the lungs don't collapse
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What does Boyle's law state?
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volume of gas varies inversely with pressure
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What does Dalton's law state?
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each gas in a mixture of gases exerts it's own pressure as if all the other gases were not present
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What does Henry's law state?
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the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional of that gas over the liquid and the solubility coefficient of the gas
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Which gas is the least soluble?
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N2
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Which gas is the most soluble?
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CO2
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What are the clinical applications of a hyperbaric chamber?
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anaerobic infection, post-surgery, bone infections, treat CO poisoning
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What does Charles' law state?
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volume of gas is directly proportional to it's temperature
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the physiology portion of the respiratory is divided into what parts?
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pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular respiration
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
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process by which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the alveoli
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What is external respiration?
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gas exchange between lungs and blood
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What is internal respiration?
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gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (34-36 ATP + heat)
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Is inspiration an active or passive process?
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active process because it deals with contraction of the respiratory muscles
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When the diaphragm contracts what happens?
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dome goes down
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What makes the cavity of the lungs get bigger when the rib cage expands?
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surface tension of the liquid between the visceral and parietal layers
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what happens as the lungs volume increases?
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pressure goes down and air pressure around your face gets higher and air goes into your lungs
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Is expiration a passive or active process?
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passive process because all it involves is the relaxation of the respiratory muscles
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What attributes to the lungs getting smaller?
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recoil by the elastic fibers in the wall of the alveoli
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What is active expiration?
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forced ventilation active because it requires contraction of abdominal muscles which pushes the abdominal cavity up into the diaphragm
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What are some factors that affect pulmonary ventilation?
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surface tension, compliance, and airway resistance
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What is the percentage of O2?
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21%
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What is the percentage of CO2?
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.04%
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What is the percentage of N2?
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79%
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What is compliance?
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the ease with which the lungs are expanded
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What are the factors that decrease compliance?
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prevention of intercostal muscle contraction, lack of surfactant, reduced elasticity of lungs, fluid in lungs
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Which area of the lungs has the greatest air way resistance?
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bronchioles
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Does the diameter of the bronchioles increase or decrease during inspiration?
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increase
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What happens to the diameter of the bronchioles during sympathetic stimulation?
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smooth muscle fibers relax and diameter increases
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What is the principle transport mechanism for CO2?
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HCO3-
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What are the ways to get HgbO2 to let go of the O2?
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pO2 goes down, pCO2 goes up, H+ goes up, and temperature
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What are the factors that affect external respiration?
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partial pressure difference of the gases between lungs and blood, surface area available for gas exchange, diffusion distance, solubility of the gases
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Doe BPG decrease or increase Hgb affinity for O2?
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decreases
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What is the respiration center found in the medulla?
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rhythmicity
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What are the two transport mechanisms for O2 in blood?
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blood plasma and Hgb
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What are the three transport mechanisms for CO2 in blood?
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blood plasma, Hgb, and bicarbonate acid
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What carries the most CO2 in blood?
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bicarbonate
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What is the major transport mechanism for O2 in blood?
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Hgb
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What is the source of CO2 in you?
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waste product of cellular respiration
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What is the specific function of O2 in you?
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final e- acceptor
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What are the 3 functions of Hgb?
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bind to O2 and CO2, buffers +
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What acid produces the H+ that Hgb buffers?
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carbonic acid H2CO3
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Where does lactic acid come from?
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anaerobic cellular respiration
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What is the effect of lactic acid on pH?
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lowers pH
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If pO2 increases does that increase or decrease Hgb's affinity for O2?
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increases
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If pCO2 increases does that increase or decrease Hgb's affinity for O2?
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decrease
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If pH goes down does that increase or decrease Hgb's affinity for O2?
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decrease
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If local temp goes up does that increase or decrease Hgb's affinity for O2?
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decrease
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What is the Cl- ion shift?
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as HCO3- diffuses out of RBC Cl- diffuses in and takes it's place
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