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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Consciouness |
An individual's awareness of their mental activity, including their thoughts, sensations and feelings. |
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Daydreaming |
When an individual shifts their attention from external stimuli to self-generated thoughts and imagery. |
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NREM Stage 1 sleep |
This stage occurs after you have decided to sleep and closed your eyes. During this stage – which typically lasts between 1 and 10 minutes – you are lightly asleep, and you can quickly go back to being fully awake. Containing Alpha waves (medium/high frequency and amplitude) and Theta waves (low frequency, mixed amplitude) |
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NREM Stage 2 sleep |
Stage 2 sleep – which usually lasts around 20 minutes – is characterized by a slowing down of the heart rate and a decrease of the body temperature. Your body reduces its activity to prepare you to go into a deep sleep stage. Easily identified by k-complexes (bursts of high amplitude), and sleep spindles (bursts of high frequency) |
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NREM Stage 3 sleep |
- This stage typically starts 35-45 minutes after falling asleep.- As electroencephalograms show, our brain waves slow down and become larger.-It is during this stage that REM sleep kicks in. At this point, you sleep through most of the potential sleep disturbances (noises and movements) without showing any reaction.- If you actually wake up during NREM Stage sleep, there’s a big chance you are going to feel disoriented the first few minutes |
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NREAM Stage 4 sleep |
This stage typically starts 35-45 minutes after falling asleep.- As electroencephalograms show, our brain waves slow down and become larger.- It is during this stage that REM sleep kicks in.- At this point, you sleep through most of the potential sleep disturbances (noises and movements) without showing any reaction.- If you actually wake up during NREM Stage sleep, there’s a big chance you are going to feel disoriented the first few minutes. |
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REM Sleep |
This is the final stage of any standard sleep cycle. The first Rapid Eye Movement sleep lasts around 10 minutes and usually happens after having been asleep at least 90 minutes. |
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Purpose of sleep |
Restorative theory: The purpose of sleep as performing vital processes such as energy storage, muscle detoxification, the repair of body cells and tissues, and neurotransmitter replenishment. Survival theory: Proposes that organisms sleep to conserve their energy to protect themselves during the most risky or dangerous times of the day when they're most vulnerable. |
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EEG |
Electroencephalograph: |
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EMG |
Electromyograph: |
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EOG |
Electro-oculogram: |
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Heart rate |
Heart-rates can be measured with an ECG. Heart rate may increase during certain altered states of consciousness involving increased amounts of arousal, but generally heart rates will decrease during altered states such as relaxing, sleeping, meditation or while unconscious. |
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Body temperature |
Body temperature drops by about 40.C, while we are asleep. If body temperature rises dramatically, as in a fever, an altered state of consciousness may be induced. |
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GSR |
The galvanic skin response: Detects, amplifies, and records electrical conductivity of the skin. |
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Sleep recovery patterns |
When recovering from partial or prolonged sleep deprivation, individuals sleep for an extended period of time. Spending a higher ratio of time in stages 3 and 4. |
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REM Rebound |
Occurs after being selectively deprived of REM Sleep. People sped more time than usual in REM sleep in the nights following REM sleep deprivation, indicating a need to make up for log REM sleep. |
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Micro-sleep |
Periods of drowsiness or sleep that intrude into the waking state. Episodes last for a few seconds to several minutes, whilst in an episode a person fails to respond to outside information and is often not aware that they entered the micro sleep. Brainwaves show theta-delta waves. |
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Sleep wake cycles during adolescence |
During adolescence individuals undergo rapid physiological, emotional and social changes which often disturbing effects on sleep. The changes cause a biological 'phase delay', this delay causes changes to the internal sleep cycle, this change causes adolesence to fall asleep later, and wake later. |
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CNS |
Major subdivision of the human nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord. |
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PSN |
The network of nerves that branch out from the CNS to all other parts of the body, the PNS delivers information from the sensory receptors, via afferent verves, to the CNS and transmits messages from the CNS to the muscular glandular effects or organs via efferent nerves. The PNS is divided into two sub systems, the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system. |
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Somatic Nervous System |
The subdivision of the PNS that controls voluntary behaviour by connecting the CNS with sensory organs, skeletal muscles and glands.
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Automatic Nervous System (ANS) |
The branch of the PNS which is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Both systems work to expand and conserve the energy of glands, nerves and smooth internal (non-skeletal) muscles controlling involuntary responses associated with organs and blood vessels. |
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The sympathetic nervous system of the ANS |
The branch of the autonomic nervous system, triggered as a result of the fight-or-flight response, which activates or inhibits bodily functions causing a state of arousal that mobilises the body's energy and resources to cope in an emergency or threatening situation. |
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The parasympathetic nervous system of the ANS |
The branch of the autonomic nervous system involved in monitoring the routine operation of the body's internal functions that promote growth and regeneration along with conserving bodily functions after a state of arousal to enable individuals to relax, restore body energy and return to a homoeostatic state. |
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Frontal Lobe |
Areas located at the top front of the cerebral cortex that enable higher mental functioning involving learning, memory, control over movement and speech, as well as the processing of smell. The frontal lobes also control emotions, personality of small. The frontal lobes control emotions, personality and intellectual tasks requiring reasoning and planning. |
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Parietal Lobe |
Areas located at the top of the brain, behind the frontal lobes, and central fissure, which mediate attention to register and process bodily (somantic) sensations such as touch, temperature, pressure, pain and bodily movement. |
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Temporal Lobe |
The areas on each side of the cerebral cortex where auditory information is projected, enabling hearing to register. In most people, the left temporal lode contains Werkicke's area, a language centre where speaking, reading, writing and spelling are processed and understood. This lobe acts as a centre for the recognition of differentvisual forms, enabling individuals to distinguish objects from one another, as well as memory (through the hippocampus) |
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Occipital Lobe |
The lower read part of the brain which processes visual information enabling interpretation and perception. |
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Association Areas |
Regions of the cerebral cortex which process and integrate sensory information, relating it with high mental abilities. |
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Specialisation of the Left Cerebral Hemisphere |
The left half of the brain cerebrum controls verbal/linguistic functions (including speech and writing) and analytical/logical functions, processing information inconsequential manner. |
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Specialisation of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere |
The right half of the cerebrum that controls non-verbal, spatial functions and processing information in a holistic manner.
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